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The Date of Purim
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All walled cities that existed during the time of Yehoshua Ben Nun, celebrate Purim on the 15th of Adar. All cities which were not walled at the time of Yehoshua Ben Nun celebrate Purim and read the Megillah on the 14th.
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Practically, all cities known today celebrate Purim on the 14th with exception to Jerusalem.
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A questionable city: A city in which there is doubt as to whether it contained walls at the time of Yehoshua [and hence there is question as to which day they should celebrate Purim] the inhabitants are to celebrate Purim on both the 14th and 15th. Due to doubt, the following cities celebrate Purim also on the 15th:
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Akko;
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Gaza;
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Bagdad;
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Beiriy;
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Beis Shean;
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Damascus;
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Gush Chalav;
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Haifa;
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Hebron;
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Eiyn Zeiton;
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Lod; Ramlei;
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Shechem;
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Tiveria;
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Tzefas;
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Yafo;
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The laws applicable to a questionable city:
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The below applies equally to both men and women.
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Megillah reading: The Megillah is to be read on both the night and day of the 14th and 15th [for a total of four readings].
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A blessing over Megillah reading is only recited when reading the Megillah on the 14th and not on the 15th.
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Purim Seudah: One is to rejoice in having a festive meal [i.e. Seudas Purim] on both days.
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Matanos Laevyonim: One is to give presents to the poor, Matanos Laevyonim, on both days.
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Mishloach Manos: One is to give Mishloach Manos on both days.
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Al Hanissim: One is to say Al Hanisim on both days. [However, the custom in Tzefas is to only say it on the first day.]
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Davening and Kerias Hatorah: The Davening on the 14th follows the order of Purim Davening. However, on the 15th they are not to recite Ata Kadosh in Maariv, and by Shacharis they are not to take out a Torah scroll for the Amalek reading.
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Traveling to Jerusalem on the 15th and traveling outside Jerusalem on the 14th:
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Lives in a city of 14th and traveled to a city of 15th [Jerusalem]:
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Plans to leave the city which celebrates on the 15th before Alos of the 15th: One who lives in a city that celebrates on the 14th and traveled on the 13th, or the night of the 14th, to a city that celebrates on the 15th, then if his intentions at the time of travel were to be out of that city by Alos of the 15th, then he celebrates Purim on the 14th. Thus, he is to celebrate and read Megillah on the 14th in the walled city that celebrates on the 15th.
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This applies even if upon arriving to the city he changed his mind and decided to stay in the city past Alos of the 15th.
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Does not plan to leave the city which celebrates on the 15th until after Alos of the 15th: One who lives in a city that celebrates on the 14th and traveled on the 13th, or the night of the 14th, to a city that celebrates on the 15th, then if his intentions at the time of travel were to stay in that city until after Alos of the 15th, then he celebrates Purim on the 15th together with the inhabitants of the city. This applies even if he returned to his city on the 15th, nevertheless he is to read Megillah in that city which celebrated on the 14th.
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If one celebrated on the 14th and then traveled to Jerusalem, arriving before Alos of the 15th, is he obligated to celebrate Purim a second time on the 15th? Some Poskim rule he is obligated to celebrate also on the 15th. Others rule he is not obligated to celebrate again on the 15th. Practically one is to read the Megillah without a blessing on the 15th. This ruling applies even in a case that one is originally from Jerusalem, and celebrated Purim outside Jerusalem on the 14th, and then returned to Jerusalem before of the 15th.
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May one who celebrated Purim on the 14th read Megillah for one who celebrates on the 15th? One who celebrated Purim on the 14th cannot read the Megillah, and thus fulfill the obligation, for other people who celebrate on the 15th.
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May one who celebrated on the 14th, and made himself obligated to also celebrate on the 15th, read Megillah for others on the 15th? This matter is disputed in Poskim. Practically one is not to read the Megillah for others due to this dispute. This ruling applies even in a case that one is originally from Jerusalem and celebrated Purim outside Jerusalem on the 14th and then returned to Jerusalem before the 15th.
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Lives in a city of 15th [Jerusalem] but traveled to a place of 14th:
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Plans to leave the city which celebrates on the 14h before Alos of the 14th: If he lives in a city that celebrates on the 15th and has traveled to a city that celebrates on the 14th, if his intentions at the time of travel were to be back in the city of the 15th by Alos of the 14th, then he does not celebrate Purim on the 14th. This applies even if in the end he was required to stay in the city past Alos of the 14th. Thus, he is to celebrate and read Megillah on the 15th in the un-walled city and he does not celebrate on the 14th.
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Does not plan to leave the city which celebrates on the 14th until after Alos of the 14th: One who lives in a city that celebrates on the 15th and traveled on the 13th, or night of the 14th, to a city that celebrates on the 14th, then if his intentions at the time of travel were to stay in that city until after Alos of the 14th, and he in truth remained in the city until that time, then he celebrates Purim on the 14th together with the inhabitants of the city. This applies even if he returned to his city on the 14th, nevertheless he is to read Megillah in that city on the 14th. This applies even if he intended to return to Jerusalem prior to Alos of the 15th.
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May one who lives in Jerusalem, and will celebrate Purim on the 15th, read Megillah for one who celebrates on the 14th? One who lives in Jerusalem and will thus celebrate Purim on the 15th cannot read the Megillah and thus fulfill the obligation for other people who celebrate on the 14th. If, after the fact, one who celebrates on the 15th read the Megillah for others on the 14th, they have fulfilled their obligation.
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