The source for an Esrog:[1]
The verse states one is to take a “Peri Eitz Hadar”. The Sages deduced from the superfluous word “tree” that the fruit referred to in the verse contain a tree bark that has the same taste as its fruit, and this is an Esrog, as its tree and fruit have the same taste. [This means that the peel of the Esrog which makes up majority of the Esrog tastes similar to the bark of the tree, however the juice that it contains is not similar in taste to the bark.[2]]
[1] 645/1
[2] Kapos Temarim 35a Piskeiy Teshuvos 645/1; Chasam Sofer 207
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