1. Filtering liquids with a filter/strainer:[1]

Wine with sediment and cases of the like:[2] One who filters dregs [of wine], meaning that he filters [wine which contains dregs] through a strainer, [has done an] offshoot of [the] separating [prohibition which is to separate] food from its waste using a sifter and sieve, or [has done] an offshoot of [the] Sifting/Miraked [prohibition] and is liable. [See Q&A 1]  

Filtering wine with sediment by placing twigs into the opening of the bottle:[3] A vessel into which one empties the wine from the barrel may not have strongly inserted into its opening twigs and reeds, as this is similar to a filter.

The reason:[4] Now, although it’s not an actual filter being that dregs still pass through it, nevertheless since there are twigs and dirt which do not bypass it is thus similar to a filter. However, if [in the barrel] there is clear wine which does not contain sediment and rather only thin splinters, then it is permitted to filter it even using an actual strainer as will be explained next.

Clear wine and clear water in a strainer:[5] Water or wine which are clear are permitted to be filtered through a filter in order so they become even more clear[6], or even in order [to remove] the sediment that floats on top of the wine or [to filter out] small twigs that have fallen into it.[7] [See Q&A ]

The reason that this is allowed:[8] This is not considered like separating being that [the wine and water] are still drinkable to majority[9] of people even without this filtration.  [See Q&A]

The reason why there is no whitening prohibition involved by a strainer:[10] Since a strainer is made for this purpose of having liquids pass through it thus one does not care to squeeze [out the liquid which it absorbs] and as well does not care to whiten it at all, therefore its whitening does not pose a problem to prohibit soaking it in liquid due to this even according to those opinions which say that the soaking of a cloth is [considered] laundering it.

Filtering water through a filter which contains dregs of wine:[11] If one had placed dregs in the strainer from before Shabbos then it is permitted to pour water over it in order so the water become more [clean and] clear. [See Q&A on tea]

Filtering pre-fermented wine:[12] Wine that has just been pressed, so long as it remains within its primary fermentation [stage][13], one may mix a barrel of it together with its dregs and may place it even inside a strainer.

The reason for this is because: so long as the wine is still within its [primary] fermentation the wine has not yet separated well from its dregs and thus the entire [mixture of the] wine [with its dregs] is considered one food, and there is [thus] no [prohibition] of separating food from its waste involved here.

Furthermore [there is no problem of separating here because] the wine is fit to be drunk even without filtration, and this is commonly done during the times of its pressing when all wines are murky, and majority of people drink it the way it is without filtering it.

Filtering vinegar:[14] The same applies with vinegar, which is likewise common to use even when it is still slightly thick, that it is permitted to filter it. However, if [the vinegar] is very thick and is not fit at all [to be used] without filtering then it is forbidden to filter it even with a cloth.

Filtering almond milk:[15] Similarly the milk of crushed almonds [which were made] before Shabbos is permitted to be filtered being that it is able to be drunk without filtering.     

Placing milk curd into a strainer:[16] If one places the curd into an elastic vessel[17] and the whey drips from inside it then this is an offshoot of separating food from waste through using a sieve and sifter and one is thus liable.

The reason: Now, although the curd and the milk are both a single species of food and there is [thus] no waste [here] at all, nevertheless since they are liquid substances which mix well which he is [now] separating, therefore this contains the separating [prohibition] just like one who is separating food from waste.

Summary- Filtering liquid using a strainer [or any item designated to filter[18]]:[19] If the liquid is drinkable in its current state to majority of people, then it is allowed to be filtered, [even if it contains pieces of food or dregs such as almond milk and wine that is in its first stage of fermentation[20]]. If it is not drinkable to majority of people in its current state then it is Biblically forbidden to filter.   Summary [includes Q&A]: The filtering prohibition only applies on Shabbos if all the following conditions are fulfilled: 1. Majority of people are accustomed to filter the liquid before drinking it, or if one is always particular to filter it before drinking it. 2. There is an actual visible substance being filtered from the liquid. Placing a filter on the lid of a bottle and pouring through it: Has all the filtering restrictions mentioned by a filter even if it does not help to filter out all of the sediment.[21]   Q&A May one filter murky liquids, which are not drinkable to majority of people, for the purpose of washing dishes and the like?[22] Even though that for washing dishes the water is perfectly useable even without being filtered, nevertheless it is forbidden to filter it in a filter. However, if the water is mixed with soap or other ingredient which has made it no longer drinkable, then it may be filtered so long as it is fit for washing even without filtering it. May one today filter wine that contains small twigs even though today such an occurrence is uncommon?[23] No. Being that today such an occurrence is uncommon, most likely people would be particular to filter it out and thus doing so would be forbidden on Shabbos.[24]   May one filter cork pieces out from wine on Shabbos?[25] Using a strainer to filter it: Depends. If the pieces are small in size and in amount, then majority of people are not particular to drink it in an unfiltered state, and it is allowed to be filtered if the person himself is also not particular against ever drinking the wine together with these small pieces. However, if the pieces are large, or are many, or one is particular to never drink wine with cork pieces, then it is forbidden to be filtered.  Removing the pieces with one’s hand: In all cases that it is forbidden to filter the pieces it is likewise forbidden to remove them with one’s hands. Regarding cases that it is permitted to filter the wine then: There are opinions[26] which forbid doing so.[27] Others[28] however permit this to be done being that anyways people drink it in this state, and thus it is not considered separating bad from good. Pouring the cork pieces out together with some wine: Is permitted according to all. May one who is particular to never drink unfiltered water filter it on Shabbos if it is drinkable by majority of people?[29] If the water is slightly recognizably dirty, but nevertheless majority of people will drink from it then: It is nevertheless forbidden for one who is always particular, to filter it on Shabbos.[30]  [See next two questions] If the water is clean: If the water is clean and one thus simply desires to make it clearer, then it is allowed for one to filter it even if he is always particular against drinking it.[31] Nevertheless there are opinions[32] who are stringent even in such a case to prohibit a person which is always particular from filtering it. Thus, according to those opinions, people who are particular to only drink filtered water must prepare filtered water from before Shabbos. If one does not yet know the state of the water, such as water which enters directly from the tab into a filter, then it has the same status as clear water.[33] May a person who is not particular against drinking unfiltered water filter water for one who is particular in doing so and may thus not filter it?[34] There is an opinion[35] which leans to be lenient to allow one to filter for his particular friend although he concludes that he has not relied on this viewpoint to actually allow it to be done. [Thus, in pressing situations, one should seek a Rav to see if one can rely on this side for leniency.]    May one who is particular to only drink filtered water, filter water for one who is not particular to do so?[36] One may not be lenient to do so.[37] May one use a Brita filter on Shabbos to filter water?[38] If majority of people drink this water in its current unfiltered state, and the person which desires to filter it also does not mind drinking it in its current unfiltered state[39] and just wants to filter it so it be even more clean from any possible waste, then it may be filtered. Regarding if the person who wishes to filter it is particular to never drink this water in its unfiltered state- see Q&A 4 above. If majority of people filter this water due to a problem with the water, then it is always forbidden to filter it on Shabbos. Thus, water that has been infected with bugs or contaminated with sand and the like which may only be drunk after being filtered, it may not be filtered on Shabbos and one must thus prepare from before Shabbos enough water for Shabbos. Regarding if the water is clear and no change is seen in the water through filtering-See Q&A 4 above! May one use the tab filter contained in all faucets on Shabbos or does this pose a filtering prohibition and thus must be removed before Shabbos?[40] Yes, one may use it on Shabbos being that the water is fit to be drunk by majority of people in its current state without being filtered [see footnote for additional reason[41]]. Regarding if the person who wishes to filter it is particular to never drink this water in its unfiltered state- see Q 4 above and footnote below.[42] Regarding if the water is not fit for majority of people [and will become fit through passing through this filter] – see above mentioned footnotes that according to the Minchas Yitzchak this would be allowed. See also the next question. If the only available water is undrinkable, such as it contains sand or worms and thus must be filtered, is there any way to filter it on Shabbos?[43] It is forbidden to take the water and pour it through any type of filter unless one is doing so in the process of drinking, as will be explained in Halacha 4-See there. Using a filter that is attached to the sink: However one may use a filter that is attached to the spout of the faucet and thus have the water automatically get filtered as it leaves the faucet.[44] [This however does not include filters which have a tube leading into the spout of the faucet of which one has an option to ether have the water come through the filter or come through the faucet, as in such a case the filter is only used for drinking water which negates the basis for the allowance of a sink attached filter, as explained in the footnotes of the previous question.] Even when attached to the spout, ideally it is best not to use a non-cloth filter [see footnote[45]] and rather a designated cloth filter is to be used. See Halacha 2 and Q&A there for further details in when a cloth filter is allowed.  May one pour a liquid which contains solids into the drain of the sink if the drain has a filter [as do most sink drains]?[46] If both the liquid and solid are waste:[47] Such as leftovers, then this is allowed. If the solid is not waste: Such as that a ring fell into a mixture and one desires to find the ring by placing it down the filter of the drain, then it is forbidden. May one use a spoon with holes to remove a solid out from a liquid, such as vegetables from soup? As already explained in Chapter 1 Halacha 4 Q&A there, in all cases that the solid and liquid are designated as mixed [see Introduction to chapter 1 and Q&A there] it is forbidden to remove any solid from the liquid using a straining spoon being that doing so is considered separating with a vessel which is Biblically forbidden. With regards to if one desires to eat both the liquid and solid right away but separately see Halacha 6 Q&A there. May one filter fruit pulp out from one’s fruit drink?[48] If majority of people drink this juice together with its pulp, and the person who desires to filter it also does not usually mind to drink it together with its pulp[49], then it may be filtered. However, if the person who wishes to filter it is particular to never drink this juice without first filtering the pulp or even if he is not particular but majority of people filter out the pulp, then it is always forbidden to filter it on Shabbos. Thus, such juice one is not allowed to pour into a cup through a pitcher which has a screen on its top which withholds the pulp. For a baby: According to the above it is forbidden to filter the pulp out of juice in order to give to a baby to drink if one is filtering it due to choking hazard for the baby, as the baby is considered like a person which is always particular to filter the juice. However, there is no problem to filter it simply in order to prevent the bottle hole from getting stuffed. May one filter liquid baby cereal from their lumpy parts?[50] If majority of people are not particular to filter out the lumps, and the person who desires to filter it also does not usually mind to drink it together with the lumps[51], then it may be filtered. If the person is particular, then it is best for him to filter it using a cloth rather than a standard filter even though the latter is also valid from the letter of the law. For a baby: Some Poskim hold that so long as the lumps are able to be eaten by an older baby, then one may filter it for any age baby. However even so it is best to do so through a cloth. There is no problem to filter it in order to prevent the bottle hole from getting stuffed.   May one sift foods that are fit to be eaten by majority of people in their natural state, as is the law by liquid? Seemingly no, as this law was only said by liquids for the reason that by liquids the filtering happens as soon as one enters the liquid inside, and it is not very recognizable that one has done Borer. This is opposed to foods in which one must shake the sifter in order to sift it. May one filter the fat out from milk?[52] The layer of fat which covers the top of the milk: Is forbidden to be filtered being that most people today do not drink the milk with this fat. Small pieces of fat: If one is not always particular to filter it then it has the same law as slightly murky liquids which may not be filtered through a filter but may be filtered with a cloth- see Halacha 2 Summary. If one is always particular to filter it then he should be stringent. May one use a saltshaker if there are pieces of hardened salt or rice inside?[53] See Halacha 5 Q&A! Q&A regarding tea bags: May one use a tea pot that has a strainer on its tip to prevent the leaves from falling into the cup?[54] It is permitted to pour the tea from this pot until one reaches the liquid on the bottom of the pot where the tea is mixed with the tea leaves.[55] Regarding if one may pour out the tea past this point[56] many Poskim[57] allow doing so. [This applies even according to the ruling of Admur in the Siddur which views that the food which is left in the pot is considered that which is separated, and thus should ideally be prohibited[58]]. However, others[59] rule that one is to be stringent. In any event when relying on the lenient opinions he should only do so for right away use.[60] May one use a coffee cup with a strainer inside that prevents the ground coffee from spilling out? This matter follows the same ruling as above. May one pour coffee out of a cup that contains Turkish coffee on the bottom? The custom is to be lenient to allow pouring the coffee out even from the bottom area that is mixed with the Turkish coffee.[61] However some Poskim[62] are stringent to forbid doing so. May one use tea bags on Shabbos?[63] Yes. This does not pose a filtering prohibition, despite the fact that while the bag is in the liquid the liquid is being filtered through the herbs in the bag, absorbing the taste of the tea bag.[64] May one shake the tea bag while inside the liquid in order to dissipate more tea essence?[65] This matter is disputed amongst the Poskim.[66] Seemingly one may be lenient to do so for right away use.[67] May one remove the tea bag from the tea? See chapter 1 Halacha 4 Q&A there.   May one pour the tea out from the cup, leaving the tea bag inside? See Chapter 1 Halacha 7 Q&A there.   May one remove a sliced lemon from one’s tea?[68] Yes, as large items are not defined as “mixed” with liquid. Regarding if initially it is allowed to place lemon into liquid on Shabbos, see “The laws of Cooking” chapter 1 towards the end.   May one use his hand to strain food for right away use?[69] No as this is not considered the way of eating, and it is thus equivalent to using a strainer.  However, see Halacha 6 below and the footnote to the Q&A there.

Compilation 1-Filtering tap water on Shabbos [through a Brita filter and the like]:[70]

A. Background:

The Borer/Miraked prohibition:[71] Filtering liquids on Shabbos falls under a question of whether it transgresses the Biblical Borer or Miraked prohibition. It is explained in Halacha that in certain scenarios filtering liquids is considered a Biblical prohibition which is either an offshoot [i.e. Tolda] of the separating/Borer prohibition [which is to separate food from its waste using a sifter and sieve] or is an offshoot of the Sifting/Miraked prohibition. In other scenarios, filtering liquids is even initially permitted to be done on Shabbos. The following is a general rule:

The rule: Any liquid which is not drinkable to majority of people in its current state and they thus filter it prior to drinking it, then it is Biblically forbidden to filter it on Shabbos due to either Borer or Miraked.[72] If, however, the liquid is drank by majority[73] of people in its current state without filtering it prior to drinking, then it is permitted to be filtered on Shabbos even if it contains substances in the liquid that will end up getting filtered out by the filter.[74] However, this allowance only applies to those people who are not always particular to filter the liquid prior to drinking it, however, those who are particular to never drink the liquid without filtering it first, may not filter it on Shabbos even though majority of people drink it in its current state and don’t bother filtering it first.[75] However, this only applies if there is something visible within the water that gets filtered out through the filter. If, however, the water is clean and clear without any visible impurities, and one simply desires to filter it from its non-visible impurities, then many Poskim[76] rule that it is permitted to filter it on Shabbos even if one is always particular to filter it before drinking, [and furthermore, even if majority of people are accustomed to filter it]. However, some Poskim[77] are stringent even in such a case to prohibit filtering it on Shabbos.

B. The law:[78]

Typical city water that comes out of the tab is permitted to be filtered on Shabbos through a filter [i.e. a Brita filter and the like[79]], so long as there is no visible substance in the water that gets filtered out as a result of the filtering, even though it does cure the water of impurities that are not apparent to the naked eye. This allowance applies even if one is always particular to drink only filtered water.[80] If, however, the city water contains visible substances which are filtered out by the filter, such as dirt, then if majority of people of the city are accustomed to filter their water, then it is forbidden to filter this water on Shabbos.[81] [If one does not yet know the state of the water and as to whether it contains visible dirt, such as water which enters directly from the tab into a filter, then it has the same status as clear water.[82]] Furthermore, even if majority of people ignore the dirt and are accustomed to drink the water in its current state without filtering it beforehand, nonetheless, a person who is particular to always filter the water beforehand may not filter it on Shabbos, and such a person would need to prepare filtered bottled water before Shabbos.[83] Furthermore, some Poskim[84] are stringent and rule that even if the water is clear of any substance that is visible to the naked eye which becomes filtered through the filter, a person who is particular to always filter the water beforehand may not filter it on Shabbos even in such a case. Those who are stringent like this opinion, must prepare filtered water from before Shabbos.

Water that contains insects:[85] City water that contains insects that are forbidden to be consumed by a Jew, is forbidden to be filtered on Shabbos. [Thus, it is forbidden to enter such water into a Brita filter, or turn on the filtering tab attached to the faucet which is used to filter drinking water. However, if one attaches a filter to the tap of the sink for permanent filtering of all the water that comes out of the spout even when not intended to be drunk [i.e. for simply washing hands], then some Poskim[86] rule that it is permitted to open and close the faucet on Shabbos and have the water automatically filtered even when the intent is to drink from. In such a case it is best to attach a designated cloth filter to the spout rather than an actual metal filter and the like.[87]]

Summary: It is permitted to filter city water on Shabbos, so long as there is no visible substance in the water that gets filtered out as a result of the filtering. If, however, the city water contains visible substances which are filtered out by the filter, then if majority of people of the city are accustomed to filter their water, or one is particular to always filter the water beforehand, then one may not filter it on Shabbos. City water that contains insects that are forbidden to be consumed by a Jew, is forbidden to be filtered on Shabbos, unless one attaches a filter to the tap of the sink for permanent filtering of all the water.

Compilation 2-Making Turkish/ground coffee beverage on Shabbos:

Ground coffee is made through roasting and then grinding the coffee bean. It does not dissolve like instant coffee and has never before been cooked in water. This is in contrast with instant coffee which is made from dehydrated water that had ground coffee cooked in it, and thus dissolves when it reaches contact with liquid. The fact that ground coffee has never before been cooked and does not dissolve raises the Halachic question of whether one may make this coffee beverage on Shabbos using hot water, and whether one may filter the water from the undissolved ground coffee. Making the beverage using hot water can fall under the cooking prohibition, while filtering may fall under the Border prohibition. We will here  analyze the second aspect relating to Borer:

Filtering the coffee liquid from the ground powder:

The general rule: The Borer prohibition of filtering liquids only applies towards liquids that contain solids which people are not accustomed to eating. However, if the solid material that is found in the liquid is consumable by majority[88] of people together with the liquid, then the liquid may be filtered.[89] This, however, only applies to one who is not always particular to filter the liquid from the solid. If, however, one is always particular to avoid drinking the liquid with this solid, then it is forbidden for him to filter it on Shabbos even if it is drinkable by majority of people.[90] Practically, many people [especially in the army] drink their coffee drink together with the ground coffee [i.e. cowboy coffee, mud, Turkish coffee] and are not particular to filter it. Other’s however are particular to always filter their ground coffee, and it is unclear as to which group is in the majority. Using this information, we will now analyze the different forms of filtration available and their practical law:

Pouring the coffee liquid into another cup, having the ground coffee remain on bottom of the original cup: It is permitted to pour the coffee liquid out from the cup without any restriction so long as one leaves some amount of liquid remaining above the ground coffee that remains on bottom.[91] To pour coffee past this point, and completely separate all the coffee liquid from the ground coffee is permitted according to most Poskim[92] if done to drink right away. However, according to Admur in his Siddur this matter is under several grounds of debate even if one intends to drink the coffee right away and is hence better to be avoided.[93] However, those who are lenient have upon whom to rely especially if they will be drinking the coffee right away and are not always particular to filter it.[94]

Pouring the coffee using a French press strainer and the like:[95] It is permitted to pour the coffee liquid out from the French press without any restriction, so long as one leaves some amount of liquid remaining above the strainer that rests on bottom.[96] To pour coffee past this point, and completely separate all the coffee liquid from the ground coffee which is below the strainer, is debated amongst the Poskim. Some Poskim[97] rule it is forbidden to do so, as coffee powder is not edible by majority of people, and it is forbidden to separate using a strainer. Other Poskim[98], however, justify the custom to be lenient to allow filtering the coffee liquid even from the bottom area of the strainer, under several grounds.[99] Practically, it is best to avoid pouring out all the liquid and one should rather stop pouring as soon as one reaches the area of liquid that is above the strainer/coffee powder, in which case it is permitted according to all. This especially applies to one who is always particular to filter his ground coffee, in which case he is certainly to avoid pouring out all the coffee liquid.[100]

Pouring hot water into a coffee strainer which contains ground coffee:[101] It is permitted to place ground coffee into a strainer and then pour water [from a Keli Sheiyni or onwards] onto it, thus having the water pass through the ground coffee and strainer. [This applies even if the water will take some time to pass through the strainer.[102] However, one may not pour coffee liquid that is already mixed with the ground coffee through a strainer in order to strain the ground coffee.[103] This especially applies if one is always particular to strain it, in which case it is certainly forbidden to do so, as stated above. Likewise, even when pouring the water onto the ground coffee which is in the strainer, one is to beware of the following: a) Not to do any action to help the water strain faster or better, such as not to shake it, mix it using a finger or a vessel.[104] B) If the strainer is sitting inside the liquid, one is to remove it using a spoon and the like to avoid any drops from falling into the coffee after it is removed.[105]]

Summary: It is permitted to make a hot beverage of ground/Turkish coffee on Shabbos through using a Keli Shelishi or Iruiy Keli Sheiyni. Pouring from a cup and French press: One may likewise filter the coffee liquid from the ground coffee powder through pouring the liquid into another cup, although making sure to stop pouring as soon as one reaches the area in which the liquid is mixed with the coffee powder. This allowance applies even if one is using a French press. However, it is best not pour the coffee liquid out once it reaches the level area of the ground coffee/strainer, even if one plans to drink it right away. Pouring through a strainer: Certainly, one should not pour the coffee liquid directly through a strainer in order to filter the ground coffee. One may however pour hot Keli Sheiyni water into a strainer that contains ground coffee and have the liquid drip into one’s cup. One, however, should beware not to shake the strainer and is to remove it from the liquid using a spoon.

___________________________________________________________

[1] Gemara Shabbos 139b; Michaber 319:9-13 and 16; Admur 319:12-17

[2] Admur 319:12; Michaber 319:9; Gemara Shabbos 138a; So rules also Rambam 8:11; See Biur Halacha 319:8 “Meshameres”; Tehila Ledavid 319:21; Shabbos Kehalacha Vol 2 page 342

[3] Admur 319:17; Michaber 319:13; Gemara Shabbos 139b

[4] Admur ibid; M”B 319:51-52

[5] Admur 319:13; Michaber 319:9; Shabbos 139b

Other opinions: Some Poskim rule one may never use a filter on Shabbos even if the liquid is clear and fit to be drunk by majority of people. [Rambam 8 brought in Michaber 319:10] Practically we do not rule like this opinion. [M”B 319:41; Admur omitted this opinion]

[6] Michaber ibid

^[7] Rama ibid

The ruling today: Today this permission no longer applies being that majority of people today are particular not to drink wine with twigs until it is filtered, being that today it is very uncommon for wine to include twigs. [Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 28; Shabbos Kehalacha Vol 2 page 348]

[8] Admur 319:13; Rama 319:10 “because it is fit to drink regardless of the twigs”

[9] Admur ibid; Ran; Rashba; Beis Yosef; first opinion in M”B 319:34; Tzemach Tzedek Yoreh Deah 45;Shabbos Kehalacha 2 p. 346

Other opinions: Some Poskim rule it must be fit for drinking to all people. [Bach brought in M”B 319:10; See Tzemach Tzedek ibid]

[10] Admur 319:13

[11] Admur 319:12; Michaber 319:9; Mishneh Shabbos 139b “If one had placed dregs in the strainer from before Shabbos then it is permitted to pour water over it in order so the water become more [clean and] clear.”; Chazon Ish 53; Shabbos Kehalalacha 14:36 and Biurim 8; SSH”K 3:64; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:32 that from here we can learn the allowance to pour water onto coffee that is in a strainer; See also Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid footnote 291 and 294; Minchas Yitzchak 4:99-2 and Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 370

Must the coffee be placed in the strainer on Shabbos? No. [Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid footnote 274] Now, although Admur in 319:12 discusses a cases in which the dregs were placed in the strainer from before Shabbos, this is only because dregs are naturally mixed with wine, and it is forbidden to filter dregs on Shabbos. However, placing dry coffee powder onto a strainer causes no filtering to take place and is hence permitted even on Shabbos. [See Admur 315:14 and 319:12]

Is there a prohibition of Ohel in covering the vessel with the strainer: No. [See Admur 315:19-20; Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid footnote 274] Now, although Admur 315:14 and Michaber 315:9 rules it is forbidden to set up a strainer on Shabbos due to the Ohel prohibition, this only applies to a strainer that contains wine dregs inside of it, being that it is forbidden to strain it on Shabbos, and hence one who sets it up on Shabbos is doing a mundane act and belittling Shabbos. However, if the strainer does not contain wine dregs, then it is permitted to set it up on Shabbos [Admur 315:14; M”A 319:18] even over a vessel, so long as it is not the size of a barrel. [Admur 315:19]. See however Taz 315:9 “It is forbidden due to the vessel under it.” who implies the prohibition would apply to ever placing it over a vessel due to Ohel. Vetzaruch Iyun

[12] Admur 319:14

^[13] With red wines, the must is pressed after the primary fermentation, which separates the skins and other solid matter from the liquid. Thus, during the primary fermentation, the dregs still remain with the wine.

[14] Admur 319:14; Taz 319:10

[15] Admur 319:14; M”A 319:12; M”B 319:34

[16] Admur 319:25; M”A 39:18; M”B 319:62

^[17] This refers to a vessel made of material that can be stretched out do to having tiny holes in it, and thus allows the milk to drip out. Similar to a plastic bag.

^[18] Admur 319:16. Shabbos Kihalacha Vol 2 page 345

^[19] Admur 319:12-13

^[20] Admur 319:14

^[21] Admur 319:17

[22] Shabbos Kihalacha Vol. 2 p. 349

[23] Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 348

[24] Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 28

^[25] Shabbos Kehalacha Vol 2 page 348-349

^[26] Ketzos Hashulchan chapter 125 footnote 28, [although there he concludes with a Tzaruch Iyun due to that he brings also the opinions which allow this.]; Tehila Ledavid; and Rav Farkash in Shabbos Kehalacha Vol 2 page 348-349.

^[27] The reason: As the laws of filtering are different than that of separating, as by filtering it is not clearly evident that one desires to separate the pieces as perhaps he just wants clearer wine, while when separating the pieces with ones hands this is clearly evident, and is forbidden as here one is clearly separating the bad from the good.

^[28] Shevisas Hashabbos Borer footnote 25; and Tal Oros

[29] Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 347 and 361 footnote 52

[30] So rules Peri Megadim 319 M”Z 6, brought in Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 28 and Biur Halacha 319 “Hoil”; Maharam Shick 134; Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 347 and 361 footnote 52; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:33

[31] Az Nidbaru 8:8; Chut Hashani 25:13, SSH”K 3 footnote 181; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:34 and footnote 292-293 and 297 and footnote 270 in name of Toldos Shmuel; Shabbos Kehalacha p. 361; Rav SZ”A 3 footnote 163 explains regarding the allowance to use a Pesach cloth to filter water it is due to that one does not see any substance in the water and one is not certain that it contains Chameitz, and hence since there is nothing visible being filtered, therefore it is not subject to Borer, This is in addition to that which is explained in Minchas Yitzchak 7:23, Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 37 and others that by waste which is only questionable if contained within the liquid, the separating prohibition does not apply. So is also implied from the Lashon of the Peri Megadim which is the source for the stringency which mentions “water that has small twigs” in his case of a particular type of person.

.

[32] Shevet Halevi 11:67; Rav Elyashiv and other Poskim brought in Orchos Shabbos 3 footnote 37, mentioned in Shabbos Kehalacha ibid footnote 52 and Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid footnote 296; However, see Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid footnote 293 that even according to the stringent opinion, this only applies if there is a detectable change in taste or smell of the water through filtering it, otherwise, there is no reason to prohibit even one who is always particular to drink filtered water, against filtering it on Shabbos.

[33] Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 37

^[34] Shabbos Kehalacha page Vol. 2 347

^[35] Shut Maharahm Shik

^[36] Shabbos Kehalacha Vol 2 page 347

^[37] Rav SZ”A questions whether this is allowed or not and concludes with a Tzaruch Iyun.

[38] Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 P. 346-347

The reason the actual filter does not create a Borer prohibition: Although a Brita filter works by filtering the water through little beads, nonetheless these beads do not make the water be considered mixed with them when the water filters through them, just as we rule regarding pouring water over drugs of wine that is in a filter. [See Admur 319:12, Michaber 319:9 and Mishneh Shabbos 139b “If one had placed dregs in the strainer from before Shabbos then it is permitted to pour water over it in order so the water become more [clean and] clear.”; Chazon Ish 53; Shabbos Kehalalacha 14:36 and Biurim 8; SSH”K 3:64; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:32 that from here we can learn the allowance to pour water onto coffee that is in a strainer; See also Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid footnote 291 and 294; Minchas Yitzchak 4:99-2 and Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 370]

^[39] So rules the Peri Megadim in M”Z 6

[40] Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 363

[41] This is in addition to the allowance of the Minchas Yitzchak [7:23] regarding using a cloth that is attached to the faucet being that since one uses the cloth for all waters which come from the sink, including washing and the like, therefore even the water used for drinking is not considered problematic. To note however that not all accept this argument [See Ketzos Hashulchan 125:37 end from which it is proven that he did not hold of this Heter]. The ramification between this reason and the one mentioned above is in a case that in truth the water is not fit to be drunk by majority of people, in which according to the Minchas Yitzchak one would be able to use it. See next note.

[42] According to the Minchas Yitzchak mentioned in the previous footnote this would be allowed regardless of what was explained in Q 4 being that the filter placed in the faucet is used for also washing and the like.

[43] Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 362

[44] Minchas Yitzchak 7:23

[45] So writes Minchas Yitzchak, and so concludes Rav Farkash, in order so one do the filtering with an irregularity. Nevertheless from the letter of the law the Minchas Yitzchak rules that even a metal filter is allowed when attached to the spout of the faucet being that it is also filtering the non-drinking water.

[46] Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 362

[47] So rules Rav SZ”A in SSH”K 12 footnote 47; Igros Moshe 4:74-4; Tzitz Eliezer 7:12

[48] Shabbos Kihalacha Vol. 2 p. 375

^[49] So rules the Peri Megadim in M”Z 6

[50] Shabbos Kihalacha Vol. 2 p. 376

^[51] So rules the Peri Megadim in M”Z 6

[52] Shabbos Kihalacha Vol. 2 p. 377

[53] Shabbos Kihalacha Vol. 2 p. 380

[54] Shabbos Kihalacha Vol. 2 p. 368

[55] The reason: As is always the rule regarding pouring one thing from another, as the fact that there is a strainer on the top of the pot does not make a difference in this regard.

[56] The problems faced in doing so is that a) one is separating with a vessel [the strainer that is attached to the top of the kettle] and b) According to Admur in the Siddur one is separating the bad from the good, as the Pesoles-tea leaves-is what remains in one’s hands, and hence seemingly may not be done even for right away use.

[57] Shevisas Hashabbos Borer footnote 29; Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 21; Chazon Ish brought in SSH”K 3; Rav SZ”A in SSH”K 3 footnote 125

The reason: The problems mentioned in the previous footnote are answered in the following ways according to the lenient opinions: a) The tea leaves are fit to be drank together with the liquid [by most people] and thus it is permitted to strain the liquid from it, as is explained in the laws of straining. [Shevisas Hashabbos ibid; Ketzos Hashulchan ibid] b) One does not intend to separate the leaves from the tea but rather just to drink the tea. [Ketzos Hashulchan ibid] c) A vessel which is designated to separate for only right away use, as is a kettle, is not included in the separating restrictions. [Rav SZ”A in SSH”K ibid].

[58] Shabbos Kehalacha ibid and So is proven from the fact that the Ketzos Hashulchan which rules like Admur in the Siddur rules that it is allowed in our case for the reasons mentioned in the previous footnote.

[59] Chayeh Adam 16; Sheivet Haleivy 1:84; Poskim brought in Kaf Hachaim 319:113

[60] So rules Rav Farkash, as then one can also join in the reason of Rav SZ”A mentioned in the previous footnotes.

[61] Shevisas Hashabbos Borer footnote 29; Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 21

The reason: The problems mentioned in the previous footnote are answered in the following ways according to the lenient opinions: a) The tea leaves and coffee are fit to be drank together with the liquid [by most people] and thus it is permitted to strain the liquid from it, as is explained in the laws of straining. [Shevisas Hashabbos; ibid; Ketzos Hashulchan ibid] b) One does not intend to separate the leaves from the tea but rather just to drink the tea. [Ketzos Hashulchan ibid]

[62] Chayeh Adam 16; Sheivet Haleivy 1:84; Poskim brought in Kaf Hachaim 319:113

[63] Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 370

[64] So rules Minchas Yitzchak 4:99-2

This is because this is similar to the case of filtering water through a filter that contains dregs of wine which is allowed despite the fact that the water is mixing in with the dregs and then becoming filtered out.

[65] Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 370

[66] Seemingly according to the Minchas Yitzchak [ibid] this would be allowed. However others have argued on this -See Shabbos Kihalacha ibid

[67] Thus relying also on the allowance of Rav SZ”A that any vessel used for only right away use does not contain a filtering prohibition.

[68] Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 374

[69] Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 381

[70] See Gemara Shabbos 139b; Michaber 319:9-13 and 16; Admur 319:12-17; Migdanos Eliyahu 2:101; Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 P. 346-347; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:34

[71] Which one is it, Borer or Miraked? In essence the prohibitions of Borer and Miraked are really one and the same, being that they are both a separating prohibition. The reason why this action of separating was split to two different prohibitions is because these were two distinct actions done in the Mishkan and thus were given two different names of prohibition. The difference between Miraked and Borer is only with regards to the form of separation. Borer is considered separating from a solid mixture using a sifter to sift out the waste and have the food remain above. Meraked is a prohibition of sifting a solid mixture and having the food fall out and the waste remain above. [See Gemara Shabbos 73b; 138a; Iglei Tal Zoreh 2-3; Miraked 1; Shevisas Hashabbos Zoreh 2; Toldos Shmuel Zoreh; Tehila Ledavid 319:21; Biur Halacha 319:8 “Meshameres”; Shabbos Kehalacha Vol 2 page 342] Now, by liquid mixtures it is unclear as to which prohibition applies, Borer or Miraked. [Admur 319:12; Gemara Shabbos 138a; 138a; So rules also Rambam 8:11; Biur Halacha 319:8 “Meshameres”; Tehila Ledavid 319:21; Shabbos Kehalacha Vol 2 page 342] The Gemara Shabbos 138a brings a dispute between Rabah and Rebbe Zeira as to which Melacha applies. The Biur Halacha ibid explains that this dispute is only relevant by liquids as one does not do an action to the filter, and the filtering happens on its own as one pours the wine through it. However, when one shakes a sifter to separate the waste from the food, then when the food falls below, such as when sifting flour, all agree that the Melacha is Miraked.

[72] Admur 319:12; Michaber 319:9; Gemara Shabbos 138a; So rules also Rambam 8:11; See Biur Halacha 319:8 “Meshameres”; Tehila Ledavid 319:21; Shabbos Kehalacha Vol 2 page 342

[73] Admur 319:13; Ran; Rashba; Beis Yosef; first opinion in M”B 319:34; Tzemach Tzedek Yoreh Deah 45; Shabbos Kehalacha 2 p. 346

Other opinions: Some Poskim rule it must be fit for drinking to all people. [Bach brought in M”B 319:10; See Tzemach Tzedek ibid]

^[74] See Admur 319:13 “Water or wine which are clear are permitted to be filtered through a filter in order so they become even more clear, or even in order [to remove] the sediment that floats on top of the wine or [to filter out] small twigs that have fallen into it. This is not considered like separating being that [the wine and water] are still drinkable to majority of people even without this filtration”; Rama 319:10 “because it is fit to drink regardless of the twigs”; Michaber 319:9; Shabbos 139b

Other opinions: Some Poskim rule one may never use a filter on Shabbos even if the liquid is clear and fit to be drunk by majority of people. [Rambam 8 brought in Michaber 319:10] Practically we do not rule like this opinion. [M”B 319:41; Admur omitted this opinion]

[75] Peri Megadim 319 M”Z 6, brought in Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 28 and Biur Halacha 319 “Hoil”; Maharam Shick 134; Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 347 and 361 footnote 52; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:33

[76] Az Nidbaru 8:8; Chut Hashani 25:13, SSH”K 3 footnote 181; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:34 and footnote 292-293 and 297 and footnote 270 in name of Toldos Shmuel; Shabbos Kehalacha p. 361; Rav SZ”A 3 footnote 163 explains regarding the allowance to use a Pesach cloth to filter water it is due to that one does not see any substance in the water and one is not certain that it contains Chameitz, and hence since there is nothing visible being filtered, therefore it is not subject to Borer, This is in addition to that which is explained in Minchas Yitzchak 7:23, Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 37 and others that by waste which is only questionable if contained within the liquid, the separating prohibition does not apply. So is also implied from the Lashon of the Peri Megadim which is the source for the stringency which mentions “water that has small twigs” in his case of a particular type of person.

[77] Shevet Halevi 11:67; Rav Elyashiv and other Poskim brought in Orchos Shabbos 3 footnote 37, mentioned in Shabbos Kehalacha ibid footnote 52 and Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid footnote 296

[78] See Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:34

[79] Although a Brita filter works by filtering the water through little beads, nonetheless these beads do not make the water be considered mixed with them when the water filters through them, just as we rule regarding pouring water over drugs of wine that is in a filter. [See Admur 319:12, Michaber 319:9 and Mishneh Shabbos 139b “If one had placed dregs in the strainer from before Shabbos then it is permitted to pour water over it in order so the water become more [clean and] clear.”; Chazon Ish 53; Shabbos Kehalalacha 14:36 and Biurim 8; SSH”K 3:64; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:32 that from here we can learn the allowance to pour water onto coffee that is in a strainer; See also Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid footnote 291 and 294; Minchas Yitzchak 4:99-2 and Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 370]

[80] Az Nidbaru 8:8; Chut Hashani 25:13, SSH”K 3 footnote 181; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:34 and footnote 292-293 and 297 and footnote 270 in name of Toldos Shmuel; Shabbos Kehalacha p. 361; Rav SZ”A 3 footnote 163 explains regarding the allowance to use a Pesach cloth to filter water it is due to that one does not see any substance in the water and one is not certain that it contains Chameitz, and hence since there is nothing visible being filtered, therefore it is not subject to Borer, This is in addition to that which is explained in Minchas Yitzchak 7:23, Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 37 and others that by waste which is only questionable if contained within the liquid, the separating prohibition does not apply. So is also implied from the Lashon of the Peri Megadim which is the source for the stringency which mentions “water that has small twigs” in his case of a particular type of person.

[81] Admur 319:12; Michaber 319:9; Gemara Shabbos 138a; So rules also Rambam 8:11; See Biur Halacha 319:8 “Meshameres”; Tehila Ledavid 319:21; Shabbos Kehalacha Vol 2 page 342

[82] Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 37

[83] Peri Megadim 319 M”Z 6, brought in Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 28 and Biur Halacha 319 “Hoil”; Maharam Shick 134; Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 347 and 361 footnote 52; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:33

[84] Shevet Halevi 11:67; Rav Elyashiv and other Poskim brought in Orchos Shabbos 3 footnote 37, mentioned in Shabbos Kehalacha ibid footnote 52 and Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid footnote 296; However, see Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid footnote 293 that even according to the stringent opinion, this only applies if there is a detectable change in taste or smell of the water through filtering it, otherwise, there is no reason to prohibit even one who is always particular to drink filtered water, against filtering it on Shabbos.

[85] Admur 319:23; see Michaber 319:16 that implies it is generally forbidden to filter insects

Other opinions: Some Poskim rule that insects are forbidden to be filtered due to being repulsive [Pesoles] and not do to being forbidden. Hence those worms that are small and are not repulsive are not forbidden. [Chayeh Adam 16:8 and Nishmas Adam 16:5; See Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 37; Kaf Hachaim 319:19-123; Minchas Yitzchak 7:23; Piskeiy Teshuvah 319:34 and footnote 298] From Admur however it is evident that doing so is forbidden as the insects are not Kosher and hence contain a Borer restriction. [Ketzos Hashulchan ibid]

[86] Minchas Yitzchak 7:23 [regarding using a cloth that is attached to the faucet being that since one uses the cloth for all waters which come from the sink, including washing and the like, therefore even the water used for drinking is not considered problematic. See Shabbos Kehalacha 14:27 [Vol. 2 p. 362 ]; Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid; To note however that not all accept this argument [See Ketzos Hashulchan 125:37 end from which it is proven that he did not hold of this Heter].

[87] Minchas Yitzchak ibid; So concludes Rav Farkash, in order so one do the filtering with an irregularity. Nevertheless, from the letter of the law the Minchas Yitzchak rules that even a metal filter is allowed when attached to the spout of the faucet being that it is also filtering the non-drinking water.

[88] Admur 319:13; Ran; Rashba; Beis Yosef; first opinion in M”B 319:34; Tzemach Tzedek Yoreh Deah 45; Shabbos Kehalacha 2 p. 346

Other opinions: Some Poskim rule it must be fit for drinking to all people. [Bach brought in M”B 319:10; See Tzemach Tzedek ibid]

[89] See Admur 319:13 “Water or wine which are clear are permitted to be filtered through a filter in order so they become even more clear, or even in order [to remove] the sediment that floats on top of the wine or [to filter out] small twigs that have fallen into it. This is not considered like separating being that [the wine and water] are still drinkable to majority of people even without this filtration”; Rama 319:10 “because it is fit to drink regardless of the twigs”; Michaber 319:9; Shabbos 139b

Other opinions: Some Poskim rule one may never use a filter on Shabbos even if the liquid is clear and fit to be drunk by majority of people. [Rambam 8, brought in Michaber 319:10] Practically, we do not rule like this opinion. [M”B 319:41; Admur omitted this opinion]

[90] See Peri Megadim 319 M”Z 6, brought in Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 28 and Biur Halacha 319 “Hoil”; Maharam Shick 134; Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 347 and 361 footnote 52; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:33

[91] Admur 319:18; “It is permitted to gently pour [food or liquid] from one vessel into another in order so the residue and dregs remain on the bottom of the vessel [being poured from]. However, one must be careful once the stream [being poured] has stopped and small trickles begin to drip out from the last remainder [of food that is] amongst the waste, then one must stop [pouring] and leave [that remainder of food] together with the waste. The reason for this is because if one were to not do so, then these last drops prove [to all] that [his true intentions in this pouring] were to separate [the food from the waste]. However, during the initial pouring when the waste is not yet recognizable, then he has done no separation.”; Michaber 319:14; Kaf Hachaim 319:113 regarding tea and all mixtures

[92] Admur 319:18; M”A 319:15; M”B 319:55; Kaf Hachaim 319:113

[93] The reason: As a) perhaps coffee is not considered drunk by majority of people with its ground powder and hence contains the Borer restrictions. [Chayeh Adam 16, brought in Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 21] b) According to many Poskim, Admur in his Siddur rules that when one pours liquid from a cup it is considered that one is removing the solid which remains in the cup from the light, and if forbidden due to the Borer restriction against removing bad from good. [see next footnote]

[94] Arguments to permit: 1) Perhaps coffee is considered edible by majority of people together with its ground powder, and hence has no filtering/Borer prohibition. [Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 21] 2) If he pours to drink the coffee right away, many Poskim rule it is considered like taking the food from the waste which is permitted for right away use. [Admur 319:18; M”A 319:15; M”B 319:55; Kaf Hachaim 319:113] Now, although Admur in the Siddur seemingly retracted from this view [Divreiy Nechemia 21;  Ketzos Hashulchan 125:9 and footnote 21; Iglei Tal Borer 5; Chayeh Adam 16:9, brought in Shaar Hatziyon 319:44; Oar LeTziyon 2:31-10.], those who are lenient, especially in light of the first argument, have upon whom to rely. [See Shabbos Kehalacha Vol 2 pages 113-122]

[95] See Shabbos Kihalacha Vol. 2 p. 368; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:37

[96] See sources previous footnotes

[97] Chayeh Adam 16, brought in Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 21; Beis Menucha 48; Ben Ish Chaiy Beshalach 2:18; Kaf Hachaim 319:113; Shevet Halevy 1:84; Bris Olam Borer 40; Az Nidbaru 1:23; See Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:37

[98] Shevisas Hashabbos Borer footnote 29 and 49 regarding tea questions the allowance but then concludes that so is the custom; Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 21 regarding also coffee; Chazon Ish 53; Rav SZ”A in SSH”K 3 footnote 125; See Minchas Yitzchak 7:23; Or Letziyon 1:27; Yechaveh Daas 2:51; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:37

[99] The reason: As a) As [most] people are not particular against consuming some of the ground coffee together with the liquid and it is thus permitted to strain the liquid from it. [Shevisas Hashabbos ibid; Ketzos Hashulchan ibid] b) In any even the coffee powder goes to the bottom and is hence not considered to be strained. [Ketzos Hashulchan ibid] c) One does not intend to separate the coffee liquid from the coffee powder but rather just to drink the coffee. [Ketzos Hashulchan ibid; Chazon Ish ibid] d) A vessel which is designated to separate for only right away use, as is a kettle, is not included in the separating restrictions. [Rav SZ”A in SSH”K ibid].

[100] See Peri Megadim 319 M”Z 6; brought in Ketzos Hashulchan 125 footnote 28; Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 347 and 361 footnote 52

[101] See Admur 319:12, Michaber 319:9 and Mishneh Shabbos 139b “If one had placed dregs in the strainer from before Shabbos then it is permitted to pour water over it in order so the water become more [clean and] clear.”; Shabbos Kehalalacha 14:36 and Biurim 8; SSH”K 3:64; Piskeiy Teshuvos 319:32 that from here we can learn the allowance to pour water onto coffee that is in a strainer; Minchas Yitzchak 4:99-2 and Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 370

Must the coffee be placed in the strainer on Shabbos? No. [See Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid footnote 274]

Is there a prohibition of Ohel in covering the vessel with the strainer: No. [See Admur Admur 315:19-20; Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid]

[102] Pashut. The Poskim do not differentiate in this matter, and this is in fact the Yesod for allowing using tea bags on Shabbos. [See Shabbos Kehalaha ibid in Biurim]

[103] This case is even more severe than the case of a French press, as the only logic of allowance that remains in this case is that coffee powder is edible to majority of people, which is under debate.

[104] Minchas Yitzchak 4:99; Shevet Halevi 8:58; Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid; See however See Shabbos Kehalacha 2 p. 370

[105] Minchas Yitzchak 4:99-2; Sheivet Halevy 8:58; SSH”K 3 footnote 171 in name of Rav SZ”A; See however Shabbos Kehalacha Vol. 2 p. 371 based on SSH”K 3 footnote 125

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