Chapter 10: Honoring teachers, Rabbis, Torah scholars, & Elders

Below is a mere compilation of two laws relating to the above subject which we have published in previous publications. It in no way does full justice to the subject which includes three chapters in Shulchan Aruch [242-244] with over 60 Halachos! IY”H a full treatise on the subject will feature in a future publication.

1. Showing respect to Teachers, Torah scholars, elderly and community leaders:

A. Who is one obligated to respect:

One is required to respect ones Rebbe/Teacher[1], Torah Scholars [such as Rabbanim and Roshei Yeshivas], and elderly people [even prior to reaching 70 years of age[2]]. Respect is also to be shown towards the community leaders.[3] One is obligated to respect any person that is greater than him in Torah even if he is not an exceptionally greater in Torah than the common folk.[4]

Teacher respecting student:[5] A sage is to show slight respect for his student.

 

B. Not to shame:[6]

It is a grave sin to shame Torah scholars or to hate them, and whoever shames the Sages does not have a portion in the world to come and is included in the verse of “And the word of Hashem he has shamed.” [The community leaders are also forbidden to be shamed similar to a Torah scholar.[7]]

 

C. Sitting at the head of the table and being honored to speak:[8]

One is to respect Sages and elders also in terms of their seating arrangements during events and festivities, having them sit at the head of the table and having them delegated to speak first for the crowd.[9] Respect is to be shown towards the elders even if they have not reached 70 years of age.[10]

D. Having them perform a task on one’s behalf:[11]

It is forbidden to make use of one who studies Halachos [i.e., Mishnayos[12]], and certainly of one who learns Talmud which is the Gemara [even if he is not a Rav, and certainly if he is as Rav/Ravad/Rosh Yeshiva]. [If one has no choice and must make use of the person[13] then] one is to precede making use of one who learns Halachos prior to making use of one who learns Talmud. [Some Poskim[14] rule this prohibition applies even if the person forgives his honor and allows himself to be used, as he does not have the right to forgive the honor of the Torah.[15] However a Rav may forgive his honor.[16] Likewise, some[17] rule that if the person offers on his own to perform the task on one’s behalf then one may do so. It is certainly permitted for him to do the task in exchange for payment.[18]]

 

Summary: One is required to respect Torah Scholars such as Rabbanim and Roshei Yeshivas, elderly people [even prior to reaching 70 years of age], and community leaders. This respect is expressed in sitting them at the head of the table during an event and delegating them an opportunity to speak for the public at the event. Q&A What tasks are prohibited to be performed by the person?[19] The prohibition only applies towards laborious tasks, such as carrying heavy items on one’s shoulders and the like. However, tasks that are viewed as mere simple favors are not included within this prohibition.

 

2. Standing for your teacher, elders and Torah scholars:[20]

A. Standing for a Teacher and Torah scholar:[21]

It is a positive command in the Torah to stand in front of any Torah scholar.[22]

The age of the Sage: The command to stand before a Torah scholar applies even if the Torah scholar is not old but is young and wise. [This applies even if he is a child below the age of Bar Mitzvah.[23]]

The amount of wisdom that defines a Sage: The command to stand before a Torah scholars applies even if the Torah scholar is not one’s teacher.[24] It applies to any Torah scholar who is greater than oneself [in Torah knowledge] and it is fit to learn from him.[25] This, however, only applies to a Torah scholar whose knowledge is excelled far beyond the normal common folk, in which case if the person has more knowledge than oneself, then he is to stand for him. If, however, the person’s knowledge is not excelled far beyond the normal folk, then there is no obligation to stand for him, even though he is more knowledgeable than oneself.[26] Practically, however, today the custom has become to only stand on behalf of the Rosh Yeshiva or Ravad [i.e. head of the Beis Din], although the validity of this custom requires further clarification.[27]

Teacher: One is obligated to stand for his Rebbe.[28] This applies even if he is not his main teacher from whom one has learned majority of his Torah.[29] A teacher, however, is not obligated to stand for his student, even if his student is a very great Torah scholar.[30]

A scholar standing for other scholars:[31] A scholar is not required to stand for another scholar, and it rather suffices to simply show him some form of respect.

A scholar who is not G-d fearing:[32] A scholar who belittles the Mitzvos, and does not have fear of heaven, is considered like the lowest of the common folk [and one is certainly not to stand in respect of him].

Standing for one who is a Baal Mitzvos or is in process of doing a mitzvah:[33] It is permitted even for an exceptional Sage [even if he is the Gadol Hador[34]] to stand in honor of a person who is a man of good deeds [such as charity, philanthropy, Hiddur in Mitzvos].[35] Some Poskim[36] rule that he is even obligated to stand on his behalf [and certainly the common folk are obligated to stand for a Baal Mitzvos]. [Due to this, it is proper to stand in front of anyone who is performing a Mitzvah in one’s presence, such as a Gabbai Tzedakah when he is collecting money, and so too anyone else who is doing a Mitzvah.[37] Some Poskim[38] hold it is an actual obligation to stand. This, however, only applies if the person is doing a Mitzvah without payment. If, however, he is being paid, then one is not to stand on his behalf.[39]]

An Avel:[40] An Avel during Shiva is not obligated to stand in the presence of even the Gadol Hador, [and certainly HE is not obligated to stand for a Torah scholar or elder].[41]

Q&A Must one stand for the wife of a Torah Sage?[42] Some Poskim[43] rule one is obligated to stand for the wife of a Torah Sage, just as one is required to stand for the Torah Sage himself.[44] Some Poskim[45] rule this applies even after the death of the Sage. Other Poskim[46], however, rule that doing so is not obligatory even when her husband is alive, and it is rather an act of piety. Some Poskim[47] write, that according to the Arizal, there is no need to stand for the wife of a Torah sage even as an act of piety. Other Poskim[48], however, negate this claim. Must one stand for a scholarly woman? Some Poskim[49] rule one is required to stand for a female Torah scholar. Other Poskim[50], however, rule one is not required to do so.   Must one stand for a blind Torah Scholar?[51] Yes. If one is holding a Chumash in his hands, must he stand up for a Torah scholar? Some[52] rule that if one is holding a Chumash, he is not required to stand in honor of a Sefer Torah or Torah Scholar.[53] If one is in the midst of learning Torah, must he stand for a Torah scholar/elder?[54] Yes.   Must one stand for a Torah scholar on Tisha Beav? Some Poskim[55] rule one is not required to stand for his teacher, or Torah Scholar, on Tisha Beav. Other Poskim[56], however, rule one is obligated to stand on Tisha Beav, and so is the custom. Must one who is now an adult stand for the person who was his Melammed in Cheder?[57] If one has vastly exceeded his Melammed in Torah knowledge, then he is not obligated to stand for him. If, however, most of one’s knowledge is from this Melammed, then he is obligated to stand for him just the law by a main teacher.[58] [The Rebbe was witnessed to show much respect to his Melammed in Cheder, Rav Schneur Zalman Vilenkin, even many years later.] Must one stand in front of the body of a deceased Torah scholar? Some Poskim[59] rule one is obligated to stand in the presence of a deceased Torah scholar. Other Poskim[60] rule one is not required to stand in the presence of a deceased scholar. According to all opinions, one must stand when a funeral procession is taking place, irrelevant of the scholarly status of the deceased.[61]

 

B. Standing for an old person:[62]

It is a Mitzvah [a possible Biblical obligation[63]] to stand in front of the elderly.[64]

The age defined as elderly:[65] An elderly person is defined, in this regard, as a person who has reached 70 years of age. [According to the Arizal and Kabala, one is to stand for a person who has reached 60 years of age.[66]]

Standing for an elderly ignoramus/Rasha:[67] The above obligation to stand before the elderly applies even if the old man is an ignoramus, so long as he is not a Rasha. [One who does not wear Tefillin, or Daven, is considered a Rasha, and one is not obligated to stand in his honor.[68] It is unclear if this applies even in a case that the person is a Tinok Shenishba.]

Standing for a gentile elder:[69] [One is not required to stand in honor of an elderly gentile, however] one is to honor and respect him with words and give him a hand of support.

A Sage standing for an elder:[70] Even a young Sage must stand for an elderly man who is very old. [If, however, he is a greater Sage than the elderly man[71]] he is not required to fully stand, and it suffices to slightly [get up to] show him honor.

An elderly man standing for another elder:[72] An elderly man is not required to stand for another elderly man, and it rather suffices to simply show some form of respect.

 

Q&A Must one stand for an elderly woman? Some Poskim[73] rule one is obligated to stand for an elderly woman. However, other Poskim[74] rule one is not obligated to do so.

 

C. In what circumstances must one stand for the Sage/elderly?

Within four Amos:[75] One is obligated to stand for a scholar/elder upon them reaching within one’s four Amos [196 cm].[76] One is not [i.e. forbidden[77]] to stand in his honor, prior to him reaching within one’s four Amos.[78] The same applies for one’s teacher, if he is not his main teacher from which he learned majority of his wisdom, then he must stand upon him reaching within one’s four Amos.[79]

Rabbo Hamuvhak/Gadol Hador/Ravad/Nassi: One must stand in honor of his main[80] Rebbe [i.e. Rabbo Hamuvhak] upon his Rebbe entering within his sight [even though he is not within four Amos of him].[81] [This is approximately the distance of 128 meters.[82]] The same law applies towards an exceptional Torah Scholar, even if he is not one’s teacher, one must stand upon him entering within one’s sight.[83] The definition of an exceptional Torah scholar, in this regard, is one who is considered the Gadol Hador and is famous amongst his generation for his wisdom.[84] This refers to a Sage who is exceptionally greater than the other Sages of his generation.[85] The same applies for a Nassi; that one must stand in his honor upon him entering within one’s sight.[86] The same applies for a Rosh Av Beis Din [Ravad], that one must stand on his behalf upon him entering within one’s sight.[87] Some Poskim[88] however rule, that in today’s times we no longer have a concept of a Rosh Av Beis Din.

Riding:[89] If the scholar/elder is riding on a horse, or wagon [or car], and reaches within one’s four Amos, it is considered as if he is walking in one’s four Amos, and one must stand on his behalf.

In the Beis Midrash/Shul/room:[90] When the Nassi enters the Beis Midrash, everyone is to stand for him, and they do not sit down until he tells them to sit down. When the Ravad [i.e., head of Beis Din] enters the Beis Midrash, they make for him two rows through which he walks in-between, and they remain standing until he sits in his place. When a regular Sage enters the Beis Midrash, whoever is within his four Amos upon him walking by, is to stand for him, thus having some people sitting and some people standing, until the Sage reaches his place to sit. [Some Poskim[91] however rule that in today’s times, whenever a Sage or elder enters into a room that is surrounded by walls, everyone in the room must stand for him, even if he is not within one’s four Amos.[92]]

Closing one’s eyes:[93] It is forbidden for one to close his eyes prior to the scholar/elder entering one’s four Amos, simply in order to refrain from needing to stand for him upon him reaching his four Amos.

Bathroom/bathhouse:[94] One is not required to stand for the scholar/elder in a bathroom or bathhouse.[95] This however only applied in the inner room of the bathhouse, however in the outer room [including the middle room in which people change[96]] one is required to stand.[97]

During work:[98] Workers are not obligated to [stop and] stand for a scholar [or elder] while they are working.[99] [If, however, one is self-employed, he may choose to stop his work and stand, if he wishes to be stringent.] If, however, one is working for another [i.e., an employee], it is forbidden for the worker to be stringent upon himself and stand during his work. [This applies even in the presence of one’s main Rebbe.[100]]

Learning Torah:[101] Even while one is learning Torah, he is obligated to stand for [a sage/elder]. [One must stand for a Sage/teacher/elder even in a Shul, and even during Davening.[102]]

Rebbe in presence of his Rebbe:[103] One may not delegate honor to a student in the presence of his Rebbe, unless the Rebbe also delegates respect to the student.[104] This applies even to the student’s student; that the student may not stand in the presence of his Rebbe, when his Rebbe is in the presence of his own Rebbe, unless his Rebbe’s Rebbe also delegates respect to his Rebbe [which is his student].[105] 

 

Q&A If one hears the voice of the Sage/elderly, but does not see him, must he stand in his honor? Some Poskim[106] rule that if one hears the sound of the Sage, or elderly, coming within his vicinity he must stand in his honor. Who is defined as a Rabbo Hamuvhak, one’s main teacher?[107] A Rabbo Hamuvhak is defined as any person from whom the student has received majority of his Torah wisdom, whether in Chumash, Mishneh, or Talmud.[108] In today’s times, however, this mainly relates to the Rebbe from whom one learned majority of his knowledge in Halacha, and directed him in the proper path, and not one who taught him the ways of Pilpul and Chakira.[109] One’s Melammed in Cheder:[110] If most of one’s Torah knowledge is from his Melammed in Cheder, then he is obligated to stand for him, just like a main teacher. A Maggid Shiur/Shul Rabbi:[111] If most of one’s Torah knowledge comes from the classes given by a certain Rabbi, then this Rabbi is considered his Rabbo Hamuvhak. This applies irrelevant of Torah subject, whether it be Tanach, Gemara, or Halacha. One who learned majority of his knowledge from Sefarim:[112] One whose majority of knowledge was personally acquired through the study of Sefarim, is not considered to have a Rabbo Hamuvhak, and hence, even one’s primary teacher is only considered a teacher.   If one is sitting on the Bima and a Sage/teacher/elder walk by, must one stand up if he passes within his four Amos, below the Bima?[113] Yes. If one is sitting in a room, and a Sage/teacher/elder walks by in a different room, must one stand up if he passes within his four Amos?[114] No.   One must stand for a Sage/teacher/elder even if he is in the middle of Davening?[115] Yes.

 

D. For how long must one remain standing?[116]

Regular Sage/elderly: One must remain standing until the scholar/elder passes from in front of his face.[117] As soon as the scholar [or elder] passes in front of him, he is [i.e. must[118]] to sit down.[119] [Thus, he is to sit down prior to the Sage passing a four Amos distance from him.[120]] Some Poskim[121] however, rule he is to remain standing until the Sage passes a distance of four Amos from him.

Ravad:[122] One must remain standing in honor of the Rosh Av Beis Din until he passes a distance of four Amos from him. Some Poskim[123], however, rule that in today’s times we no longer have a concept of a Rosh Av Beis Din.

Teacher/Gadol Hador/Nassi:[124] One must remain standing in honor of his main Rebbe [i.e., Rabbo Hamuvhak], and Gadol Hador, and Nassi, until his Rebbe/Gadol/Nassi sits down or until he passes from within his sight. Once his Rebbe [sits[125]], or passes from his sight, he is to sit down.[126]

In a Beis Midrash: See Halacha C!

Q&A If the elder/Sage remains standing within one’s four Amos, for how long must one remain standing? This matter requires further analysis. Seemingly, one should remain standing until the amount of time it takes him to pass from before oneself.

 

E. How to stand:[127]

One must fully stand up in front of the scholar/elder with exception to those cases mentioned above in which only slight standing is required.

F. How often is one required to stand for a Torah Sage or elderly person?[128]

Some Poskim[129] rule that one is only obligated to stand for his Rebbe twice a day, one time in the morning and a second time in the evening.[130] This, however, only applies in the house of the Rav [i.e. in private], however, in public, when one is in front of others who do not know that he already stood, he is obligated to stand [each time]. [Even in the privacy of the Rebbe’s home, it is permitted for one to stand for his Rebbe more than two times a day if he so wishes, and it is only that he is not obligated to do so.[131] Other Poskim[132], however, rule one is obligated to stand for his Rebbe even 100 times. Some Poskim[133] rule that this stringency only applies to a Torah scholar and not to an elder. It is questionable if this dispute applies likewise towards standing for one’s parent.[134]]

G. Avoiding making people stand for you:[135]

It is improper for a Sage to trouble the public, and deliberately pass in front of them, in order so they stand up for him. Rather, he is to take a short path while walking from one area to another in order to diminish the amount of people that need to stand for him. If the Sage is able to walk a different route, and bypass the congregation, it is considered meritorious for him. Alternatively, the Sage is to enter the Shul prior to the congregation.[136] [This mainly applied in previous times when the congregation would sit on the ground, and it was troublesome to make them stand for him. However, today when people sit on benches and there is no trouble involved, one need not be particular in this matter. Although even today, one is not to deliberately walk in front of the congregation in order so they stand for him.[137] However, some Poskim[138] rule that even today one is to specifically take a different route in order not to trouble the congregation to stand, and that so is the custom of the elderly Sages.]

 

H. A scholar/elder who forgives his honor:[139]

All [people for whom one is required to stand, such as a Sage; Avad; Gadol Hador; Nassi; elder] if they forgive their honor, then their honor is forgiven [and it is no longer obligatory to stand for them]. Nevertheless, it remains a Mitzvah to honor them and slightly stand up for them. [Some Poskim[140] rule that only a Rav may forgive his respect, however, one who is not a Rav but learns Halacha or Talmud cannot forgive his respect.[141]]

 

Summary: For whom must one stand? One is required to stand in the presence of one’s teacher of Torah, Torah scholar, and elderly person. One is also to stand for the wife of a Torah Sage, a Baal Mitzvos, and one who is performing a Mitzvah. However, the custom of many today is to only stand on behalf of the Rosh Yeshiva or Ravad, although the validity of this custom requires further clarification. If any of the above people forgive their honor, it is no longer obligatory to stand for them, although it still remains a Mitzvah to honor them and slightly stand up for them. One may not delegate honor to a student in the presence of his Rebbe, unless the Rebbe also delegates respect to that student. Who is defined as a Sage/teacher/elder? A Sage is defined as any G-d fearing person whose Torah knowledge far exceeds that of the common folk. An elder is defined as any Jew who is above 70 years of age, and according to Kabala, above 60 years of age, and is not Rasha. A teacher is defined as anyone who has taught one Torah, even if he did not learn from him majority of his Torah. When must one stand? One is required to stand upon the above people entering one’s four Amos, whether on foot or in a vehicle, and must remain standing until the person passes from in front of him, in which case he is then to be seated. This is with exception to a main teacher/Gadol Hador/Ravad/Nassi, in which case one must stand upon them entering within his sight, and by a Ravad, must remain standing until he passes a distance of four Amos from him, while by a main teacher/Gadol Hador/Nassi he must remain standing until his Rebbe/Gadol/Nassi sits down, or until he passes from within his sight. Some Poskim however rule that in today’s times we no longer have a concept of a Rosh Av Beis Din. Likewise, one whose majority of knowledge was personally acquired through the study of Sefarim is not considered to have a main teacher. Some Poskim rule that in today’s times, whenever a Torah scholar or elder enters into a room that is surrounded by walls, everyone in the room must stand for him. It is forbidden for one to close his eyes prior to the scholar/elder entering his four Amos, simply in order to refrain from needing to stand for him upon him reaching his four Amos. One is not required to stand for the scholar/elder in a bathroom, or the inner room of a bathhouse. Workers are not obligated to [stop and] stand for a scholar [or elder] while they are working. Even while one is learning Torah he is obligated to stand for [a sage/elder]. How to stand: One must fully stand up in front of the scholar/elder with exception to those cases mentioned above in which only slight standing is required. How often to stand: In public, one must stand in face of his Rebbe/scholar/elder even 100 times that day. However, in private, it is disputed as to whether one needs to stand more than twice a day, one time in the morning and one time in the evening. Q&A May a Torah scholar belittle himself for the sake of a Mitzvah, such as to play music by a wedding?[142] It is permitted for a Sage to belittle himself for the sake of Heaven out of service of Hashem and fulfillment of his Mitzvos, such as to rejoice the Chasan and Kallah. According to some Poskim[143], however, he may not belittle himself for the sake of a Mitzvah Bein Adam Lechaveiro, such as to return a lost object.

3. Taking one’s Rebbe to court:[144]

It is permitted to take one’s father [or mother[145], or Rebbe[146]] to court to file a monetary claim against them. For example, if one’s father damaged one’s item, one may take him to court to force him to pay for the damages. [However, some[147] learn it is a Midas Chassidus not to take one’s father to court, in order not to cause him pain. Other Poskim[148] however omit this act of piety.]

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[1] See Chapter 242:1-36 for a list of laws of respect that a student must show his Torah teacher. This however only refers to a teacher that is one’s Rabo Hamuvhak, from whom one has learned majority of his Torah. However, a teacher who is not one’s Rabo Hamuvhak there is a lesser level of respect, as explained in 242:30.

[2] Taz 244:10

[3] See Shach Choshen Mishpat 420; Gilyon Maharsha 243:6; 244:18; Aruch Hashulchan 243:6

[4] Yad Avraham 244

[5] Rama 244:8; Shach 242:39

[6] Michaber 243:6; Tur in name of Rambam; Sanhedrin 99b that an Apikores does not have a portion in the world to come

[7] Gilyon Maharsha 243:6; Aruch Hashulchan 243:6

[8] Michaber 244:18

[9] Who receives precedence if there is a Sage and elder present? If the Sage is an exceptional Sage, then by a Torah event the Sage is to be seated at the head and is to be the first delegated speaker. In this regard a young exceptional Sage is given precedence over an exceptionally old regular Sage. By a festive event, or a wedding, an elder is to be given precedence if he is exceptionally elderly and is slightly wise. In all cases that the Sage is exceptionally wise while the elder is not exceptionally old, one precedes the Sage. Likewise, in all cases that the elder is exceptionally old and the Sage is not exceptionally wise, one precedes the elder [if he is also a slight Sage]. [Michaber 244:18; Shach 244:14; Taz 244:10] If however, he is not a slight Sage then the Sage receives precedence. [Shach 244:14; Taz 244:10] If neither are exceptional in either wisdom or age then one always precedes the elder even if the Sage is wiser. [Michaber ibid; Taz ibid based on Rashbam regarding Bnos Tzlofchad] This applies even if the elder has not reached 70 years of age. [Taz ibid] Some Poskim however rule that in a case that neither are exceptional, one is to follow wisdom regarding a Torah event, and age regarding a festive event. [Shach ibid in name of Ran]     

[10] Taz ibid

[11] Rama 243:6; Rabbeinu Yerucham Nesiv 2; Megillah 28b

The severity: The Yalkut Shimoni Lech Lecha 74 states that the entire cause for the Jewish people’s slavery in Egypt was a punishment to Avraham for him making use of Torah scholars, as he made his students do work for him.

[12] Aruch Hashulchan 243:6

[13] Aruch Hashulchan ibid

[14] Shiyurei Bracha 243; Birkeiy Yosef 246:21; See Sefer Bris Vetorah p. 160 for an analysis on this subject

[15] The reason: As only a Rav may forgive his honor, being that the Torah is considered his, however one who simply learns Halacha, the Torah is not considered his for him to be able to forgive his honor. [Shiyurei Bracha ibid]

[16] Shiyurei Bracha ibid

[17] Shiyurei Bracha ibid; Rosh David p. 110

[18] Shiyurei Bracha ibid; Aruch Hashulchan ibid

[19] Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:20 in name of Binyan Tziyon 83

[20] Shulchan Aruch chapter 244; Kiddushin 32b

[21] 244:1

[22] Michaber ibid; Rambam Talmud Torah 6:1; Sefer Hamitzvos Mitzvas Asei 209; Chinuch Mitzvah 257; Semag 13

The reason: As the verse [Vayikra 19:32] states “Mipnei Seiva Takum”, which means that one is to stand for those who have acquired wisdom.

[23] Shach 244:1; Perisha; Darkei Moshe; Beis Yosef, all in name of Shivlei Haleket

[24] Michaber ibid

[25] Rama ibid; Tur in name of Rambam [or Rameh [see Shach 244:2; See however Beis Yosef and Beir Hagoleh] and Ran

[26] Shach 244:2; Tosafos; Semak 32; Rosh; Rameh

Other opinions: Some Poskim rule one is only required to stand for a Sage who is excelled far beyond even the Sages of his generation, even if he is more knowledgeable than oneself. [Rif, brought in Shach ibid]

[27] Shach 244:11

The reason: Seemingly, the reason for this is in order not to differentiate between Sages [and hence avoid offending those people who one thinks is not a Sage], however the Rosh yeshiva or Raavad is a recognizable and undisputable Sage to whom all are to stand for. [Shach ibid]

[28] Michaber 242:16

[29] Michaber 242:30

[30] Shach 242:39 in name of Bach and Derisha

[31] Michaber 244:8

[32] Michaber 243:3; Rosh in Teshuvah

[33] Michaber 244:12; Shabbos 31b

[34] See Rama 244:10

[35] The novelty of this ruling is that although in general we prohibit a Sage from doing matters that are beneath his dignity, in this case, it is permitted. [Shach 244:10 in name of Tur; Taz 244:6]

[36] Shach 244:10 in name of Tur and Ran and Bach; Taz 244:6; The Beis Yosef 244 brings two opinions regarding this matter

Other opinions: Some Poskim rule it is not obligatory to stand for a man of good deeds. [Opinion of Michaber as understood by Bach 244; Birkeiy Yosef 244; Ran; Ramban]

[37] Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:19

[38] Taz 361:2 based on Michaber 361:4 and Tur 361 in name of Maharitz Geios and Yerushalmi who rules that one must stand by funeral because of the Gomlei Chasadim; and based on Kiddushin 33; Tanya chapter 46 “Therefore, the Sages obligated one to stand in front of one who is doing a Mitzvah even if he is a complete ignoramus”

The reason: As Hashem resides and becomes invested in the soul of the Mitzvah performer at the time of performance. [Tanya ibid]

[39] Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:19.

[40] Rama 376:1

[41] The reason: As standing up in such a state of mourning is not considered a Hiddur. [Shvus Yaakov 3:26] Alternatively, because the Aveilim are busy. [Levush, brought in Gilyon Maharsha 376] The practical ramification is regarding Tisha Beav. [Gilyon Maharsha ibid]

[42] The Talmud [Shavuos 3b] states that the wife of Rav Huna came to a court case before Rav Nachman and debated whether he should stand for her, despite the fact that doing so may discourage the other party. It is discussed in Poskim as to whether this standing up is from the letter of the law or a Midas Chassidus.  

[43] Taz 242:14 that the positive command to honor a Torah Sage applies also for his wife; Bach 242; Shiyurei Kneses Hagedola 244; Sheilas Yaavetz 2:135; brought in Pischeiy Teshuvah 244:1; See Birkeiy Yosef 244 in name of Bach and Taz 242, and Birkeiy Yosef C.M. 17:5 and Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:16

[44] The reason: As Eishes Chaveir Kechaveir, as is proven from the above Gemara. [ibid]

[45] Taz ibid based on Maharam Mintz; Yaavetz ibid

Other opinions: Some Poskim rule one is not required to honor a Sages wife after his passing. [Taz ibid in name of Tosafos Shavuos Haeidus 36]

[46] Opinion who argues on Kneses Hagedola, brought in Sheilas Yaavetz ibid; Implication of all Poskim who omitted this ruling from the Shulchan Aruch; See there for a thorough discussion on the matter

[47] Brought in Birkeiy Yosef 244:1

[48] Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:16

[49] Zera Yitzchak 1 p. 88 that he found a manuscript of the Peri Chadash who left this matter in question, although he rules that one is obligated; Yechaveh Daas 3:72 based on Sefer Chassidim 578 and all Poskim who require standing for an elderly woman, and he concludes that this matter is a Biblical doubt

[50] Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:16; Rav Poalim 2 Kuntrus Sod Yesharim 9 based on Arizal in Shaar Hamitzvos Kedoshim; See Halachos Ketanos 1:154 that one is not required to stand for an elderly woman; See Minchas Chinuch 257:3 that according to the Rambam [whom is how we rule] there is no wisdom by a woman, as honoring one’s wisdom only applies if he is commanded to learn it

[51] Shaar Efraim 78; Ginas Veradim Y.D. 4:1; See Birkeiy Yosef 244; Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:15

[52] Sefer Chassidim 930; See Chaim Sheol 71:2; Shiyurei Bracha 244

[53] The reason: As it is improper for the Torah to stand for those who are learning it. [Chaim Sheol ibid] Alternatively, because one who is involved in a Mitzvah is exempt from another Mitzvah. [Sefer Chassidim ibid]

[54] Michaber 244:11; Chaim Sheol 71:2

[55] Shvus Yaakov 1, brought in Pischeiy Teshuvah 242:12

[56] Machazik Bracha, brought in Pischeiy Teshuvah 242:12

[57] See Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:11 in name of Birkeiy Yosef in Shiyurei Bracha

[58] The reason: As this is a belittling of Torah to stand for an ignoramus. Likewise, if the teacher was paid, it is less respectable to stand for him. [ibid]

[59] Implication of Taz Y.D. 361:2 based on story in Moed Katan; Pischeiy Teshuvah Y.D.  361:3 based on Taz ibid

[60] Yad Eliyahu 54, brought in Pischeiy Teshuvah ibid

[61] Michaber 361:4; Tur 361 based on Yerushalmi and Maharitz Geios

[62] 244:1

[63] Implication of Rav Issi Bar Yehuda in Kiddushin 32a who includes a Zakein Ashmaiy in the verse and Rashi ibid states “The word Seiva in the verse implies every old man”; Implication of Minyan Hamitzvos of Rasag; Implication of Beis Yosef 244 who brings Rashi ibid; Implication of Minchas Chinuch Mitzvah 257; See Chinuch Mitzvah 257 who only adds “standing for elders” later on in the Mitzvah and Minchas Chinuch ibid questions if the Chinuch learns it is part of the Biblical Mitzvah or not, nonetheless, he concludes that we rule like Rav Isi Bar Yehuda; See however Rambam Mitzvah 209 who makes no mention at all that it is included in the Biblical command, and likewise in Hilchos Talmud Torah 6:9 he does not write it as a command at all, and simply states that “One is to stand for him.” This strongly implies that he does not learn this to be a Biblical command. Likewise, the Michaber ibid and Tur ibid writes standing for elders only in the end of the Halacha, and states “Likewise it is a Mitzvah.” It is unclear if the intent of the Michaber/Tur is to state that it is likewise a positive command, or if his intent is to say that it is a Mitzvah, but not a positive command. See Sefer Hamitzvos Rasag of Rav Perlow Mitzvah 11-12. Vetzaruch Iyun.

[64] Michaber ibid; Tur 244; Rambam Talmud Torah 6:9; Chinuch Mitzvah 257; Semag 13; Rebbe Isi Ben Yehuda in Kiddushin 32b; Rebbe Yochanon in Kiddushin 33a that the Halacha is like Isi

The reason: As the verse in Parshas Kedoshim [Vayikra 19:32] states “Mipnei Seiva Takum”, which means that one is to get up for his elders.

Other opinions: Some rule there is no obligation to stand for an elder who is not a Torah scholar. [Tana Kama and Rebbe Yossi Hagelili in Kiddushin ibid; Pesikta on Parshas Kedoshim omits opinion of Issi ben Yehuda; Implication of Sheilasos on Kedoshim ibid; Implication of Rashi Kedoshim ibid; Implication of Or Zarua, Yireim, Ravaan p. 137 who omit the words “Elder”; See Sefer Hamitzvos Rasag of Rav Perlow ibid]

[65] Michaber ibid

[66] Brought in Birkeiy Yosef 244; Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:12; Minchas Chinuch 257

[67] Rama ibid; Beis Yosef in name of Tosafos Kiddushin 32; Hagahos Maimanis 6; Mordechai; Rabbeinu Yerucham; Ran; Rabbeinu Tam

[68] Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:12

[69] Michaber 244:7; Kiddushin 33a

[70] Michaber 244:7

[71] Shach 244:5

[72] Michaber 244:8

[73] Sefer Chassidim 578; Beis Yehuda Y.D. 1:28; Minchas Chinuch 257:3 based on final ruling like Rebbe Issi Bar Yehuda; Kiryat Chana David 1:15; Yechaveh Daas 3:72; Implication of Chinuch ibid, and all other Rishonim who record “This Mitzvah applies to both men and women”

[74] Halachos Ketanos 1:154; Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:16; Rav Poalim 2 Kuntrus Sod Yesharim 9 based on Arizal in Shaar Hamitzvos Kedoshim; Shevet Halevi 1:114; See Avnei Yashpei 1:188

[75] Michaber 244:2 and 9 and 13-14

[76] Michaber 244:2; Kiddushin 33a

The reason: One is required to stand in a way that is recognizable to the elder that it is being done out of honor and respect, and it is only recognizable once the person reaches his four Amos. [Taz 244:3; Kiddushin ibid]

[77] Shach 244:6 and Birkeiy Yosef 244 based on implication of Michaber, as the Michaber 244:2 already taught us that one is not obligated to stand until the Sage reaches the four Amos, so what need is there to repeat this ruling if not for the fact the Michaber is now teaching us that it is even forbidden to stand prior to this point; Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:13

[78] Michaber 244:9

The reason: It is forbidden to stand prior to the Sage reaching within one’s four Amos being that it is not recognizable that it is being done in his honor, being that there is no obligation to stand for him yet. [Shach ibid; Birkeiy Yosef ibid]

[79] Michaber 242:30

Other Poskim: Some rule that one must stand Kimalei Einav for any teacher from which one learned Torah from, even if he did not learn majority of his Torah from him. [Maharik 12]

[80] This refers to one from who one has learned majority of his Torah from. [Rama 242:4; Michaber 242:30; See Bava Metzia 33; Sheilasos 131]

[81] Michaber 242:16; 244:9; Kiddushin 33a

[82] Shach 244:8 in name of Semak 52

[83] Michaber 244:10

[84] Rama ibid; Terumas Hadeshen 138; Tosafos

[85] Shach 244:2

[86] Michaber 244:14

[87] Michaber 244:13

[88] Shach 244:11 based on Semak 32

[89] Michaber 244:2; 242:16; Kiddushin 33b; Rashi ibid

[90] Michaber 244:15; Horiyos 12b

[91] Kneses Hagedola 244 and Birkeiy Yosef 244:5 leaves this matter in question; Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:13 and in his Sefer Mekabtziel concludes that one must be stringent by a Biblical command.

[92] The reason: As perhaps in a closed area, the entire area is considered to be within one’s four Amos. Now, although the above law states that only for a Nassi must all the people in the Beis Midrash stand up, perhaps this only applied in previous times, and only in a Beis Midrash was the above order of standing given out, being that only students sat in the Beis Midrash and each day the Nassi/Avaad/Rebbe would enter, and they thus wanted to delegate different levels of respect. However, today, this is no longer applicable. [Birkeiy Yosef ibid]

[93] Michaber 244:3; Kiddushin 32b

[94] Michaber 244:4; Kiddushin 32b

[95] The reason: As the verse states “Stand and honor” from which we learn that only when the standing respects and honors the person, must one stand. [Michaber ibid]

Rabbo Hamuvhak/One’s Rebbe: Some Poskim rule that the above allowance [not to stand] applies even towards one’s main Rebbe, Rabbo Hamuvhak. [Lechem Mishneh Talmud Torah 6, brought in Pischeiy Teshuvah 244:3] Others however rule that it does not apply by one’s main Rebbe, and one is required to stand even in a bathhouse, in respect of his main Rebbe [Turei Even on Rambam ibid, brought in Pischeiy Teshuvah ibid]

[96] Shach 244:3; see Admur 84:1

[97] Rama ibid in name of many Rishonim

[98] Michaber 244:5

[99] The reason: As the Torah did not obligate one to honor the elderly if doing so will cause one a loss of money. [Kneses Hagedola 244 in name of Mahariy Beiy Rav 52; Birkeiy Yosef 244 in name of Toras Kohanim; Bavli; Yerushalmi]

[100] Kneses Hagedola 244 in name of Reb Avraham Halevi; Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:17

[101] Michaber 244:11; Abayey in Kiddushin 33b; See Chaim Sheol 71:2

[102] Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:15

[103] 242:21

[104] Michaber ibid

[105] Rama ibid; Shivlei Haleket

[106] Gilyon Maharsha 240:7 regarding a father, and 244:1 regarding a Sage or elderly, based on Rama 282:2 that in such a case one must stand for the Sefer Torah even if he does not see it

[107] 242:30

[108] Michaber ibid; Baba Metzia 33a

[109] Rama ibid; Maharik 170

[110] Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:11 in name of Birkeiy Yosef in Shiyurei Bracha

[111] Ben Ish Chaiy ibid

[112] Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:20 in name of Binyan Tziyon 83; See also Admur 429:3

[113] Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:13

[114] Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:13

[115] Ben Ish Chaiy Ki Seitzei 2:15 in name of Birkeiy Yosef

[116] Michaber 244:9 and 14-15

[117] Michaber 244:2 and 9; Kiddushin 33b

[118] See Shach 244:6 regarding him learning in the Michaber that it is prohibited to stand prior to entering the four Amos, as otherwise the ruling of the Michaber would be repetitive. The same then should apply here regarding this law, as the Michaber already stated this law in 244:2. As for the reason that it is an obligation for one to sit, it is to show that the only reason he stood is in honor of the Sage/elder. [ibid]

[119] Michaber 244:9

[120] See Shach 244:7 and Michaber 244:13

[121] Shach 244:7 in name of Bach; Rashi; Rosh

[122] Michaber 244:13

[123] Shach 244:11 based on Semak 32

[124] Michaber 242:16; 244:9-10 and 14; Based on Yuma 53b; Kiddushin 33a

[125] Shach 242:35

[126] Michaber 242:16

[127] Taz 244:4

[128] Rama 242:16; See Kiddushin 33b

[129] Tur in name of Rambam

[130] The reason: As the honor of his teacher should not be any greater than the honor of Hashem in Kerias Shema. [Taz 242:12]

[131] Shach 242:36 based on wording of Rama ibid; Bach 242 and Semag 13 who write “not obligated”; however, the Rambam, Tur and other Poskim write “not permitted.” The Rama ibid hence interprets this to mean “not obligated.” [Shach ibid]

[132] Shach 242:37 in name of Rosh Tur; Levush; Sefer Chassidim 23

[133] Shevet Halevi 5:130; However, see Sefer Chassidim 23 who writes one must stand for a Zakein even 100 times

[134] Aruch Hashulchan 240:24 leaves this matter in question; Chayeh Adam 66:7 rules one does not need to stand for a parent more than twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening.

[135] Michaber 244:6; Kiddushin 33a

[136] See Michaber 244:16 “It is not praiseworthy for a Torah Sage to enter last”; See Taz 244:8

[137] Shach 244:4

[138] Birkeiy Yosef 244

[139] Michaber 244:14; Kiddushin 32a

[140] Chida in Shiyurei Bracha 243

[141] The reason: As the Torah is not considered his that he can forgive his respect, while by a Rav the Torah is considered already his. [ibid]

[142] Chavos Yair 202; brought in Shaareiy Teshuvah 244:4

[143] Rosh brought in Michaber C.M. 263:3

[144] Rama 240:8; Tur 240 in name of Rosh; Teshuvos Hageonim 206; Erechin 23a in story of Rav Huna

[145] See Shut Harif 22

[146] Kneses Hagedola 240, brought in Birkeiy Yosef 240

[147] Sefer Chassidim 584 based on a story he brings, brought in Birkeiy Yosef 240

[148] Omitted in Kneses Hagedola even though he normally records the teachings of Sefer Chassidim, brought in Birkeiy Yosef ibid

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