Chapter 9: Pas Haba Bekisnin – Mezonos bread & Baked Goods[1]

1. Said Hamotzi instead of Mezonos on the Mezonos bread or snack:

Said Hamotzi instead of Mezonos on Pas Haba Bekisnin:[2] If one accidentally recited the blessing of Hamotzi on a baked Mezonos food which is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin, then one fulfills his obligation and the blessing of Mezonos is not to be recited.[3] This applies even if one did not set a meal over the Pas Haba Bekisnin food. Upon finishing eating, one recites the regular after blessing of Al Hamichyeh and not Birchas Hamazon, unless he ate enough to require Birchas Hamazon.

Said Hamotzi instead of Mezonos on a Mezonos food that is not Pas Haba Bekisnin:[4] If one accidentally recited the blessing of Hamotzi on a Mezonos food which can never become Hamotzi [i.e. cooked pasta, deep fried Sufganiyot donuts, cholent with grains, oatmeal porridge, etc], then one does not fulfill his obligation and must repeat the correct blessing of Mezonos on the food.[5] [Hence one is to immediately say Baruch Sheim Kevod Malchuso Leolam Vaed and then recite the correct blessing on the food. If one corrected himself within Kdei Dibbur then he is Yotzei as explained in Chapter 7 Halacha 19.]

2. Meal bread versus Snack bread – On which types of bread does one say Hamotzi and on which types does one say Mezonos?[6]

The blessing of Hamotzi is to only be said over meal breads, which is defined as breads that one commonly establishes a meal over. Snack breads, which are defined as all types of breads or dough products that one does not typically establish a meal over, are Mezonos and not Hamotzi. In some cases of snack bread or other dough products, if one does decide to establish a meal over food, then one is required to then he is required to wash hands with a blessing[7] and recite the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon over the bread. In other cases, one is to recite Mezonos and Al Hamichya even in such a case that one establishes a meal over it. The previous chapter already discussed one type of such bread, such as bread that is made through boiling the dough in water or oil. This chapter will focus on which baked products are defined as meal bread versus snack bread, and in which cases a blessing of Hamotzi is to be recited upon setting a meal over such snack bread. It will also discuss the definition of setting a meal, in terms of how much bread one is to eat, and how satiated one must become.

The three types of snack breads:[8] There are three types of snack breads over which people are not accustomed to set a meal over and are therefore Mezonos and not Hamotzi:

1. Lachmaniyos
2. Truknin
3. Pas Haba Bikisnin

After eating the above snack breads one recites an after blessing of Al Hamichyah.

What is the law if one established a meal over the above snack breads? In such a case the above breads become Hamotzi and one says Birchas Hamazon after eating them, as will be further explained in Halacha 9.

3. Flat bread made from batter:[9]

Important note:

All the below cases apply even to batter that is made using flour and water without any other ingredient, which can be considered bread, or bread made from a batter. Many of the cuisines made from batter are sweet and also enter into the category of Pas Haba Bekisnin which is discussed in Halacha 6, which is not relevant to this discussion.

1. Lachmaniyos – Thin baked product from flour water batter [i.e. Thin baked sweetless Pancake[10]]:[11]

Its blessing: The blessing over Lachmaniyos is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].

Its definition: Lachmaniyos are thin and soft breads that are made as follows: A thin batter is made from five grain flour and a larger than usual amount of water. The batter is so thin that it cannot be kneaded due to its thinness. It is then baked in an oven or pan without any liquid. However, some Poskim[12] are stringent and rule that only if either the batter or the final baked product is very very thin is it defined as Lachmaniyos which are Mezonos. However if both the batter and the baking is semi thick, then its blessing is Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon.

Final ruling – Very thin batter or baking: Practically, the final ruling is that if the batter is very thin but baked thick, or the batter is not thin but is baked into very thin bread, then it has the status of Mezonos bread which is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].

Final ruling – Not very thin baking nor batter: If, however, neither the batter nor final baked product is very thin, then one is to be cautious for the above stringent opinion and only eat such bread within a meal [and only for the purpose of satiation], as rules the stringent opinion above. In a time of need, however, one can say Mezonos and Al Hamichya on such breads, as rules the lenient opinion above, although it is proper to wash one’s hands without a blessing.

• Example: Yaakov prepares a batch of thin, soft, unsweetened pancakes using just flour and water. He bakes them in the oven. Since he’s only snacking, Yaakov says the Mezonos blessing before eating. If, however, he sits down to have a full meal of these pancakes, he recites the Hamotzi blessing instead.

Blessings for Lachmaniyos Based on Usage

1. Truknin – Thick baked product from flour water batter [i.e. Cake, Thick Baked sweetless Pancakes]:[13]

Its Law: The blessing over Truknin bread is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].

Its Definition: It is a very, very, thin batter which is baked into a thick bread, as it is poured into a steep hole in the oven. It is thus a little thick after the baking. However, there are Poskim[14]  who are stringent and rule that if the batter is not very thin and the baking is not very thin then it is Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon. However if both the batter and the baking is semi thick it is Hamotzi.

The Final Ruling – Batter very very thin: If the batter is very, very, thin and has been baked into semi thick bread, then according to all its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].

The Final Ruling – Batter is not very very thin: If, however, the batter is not very, very, thin, then one should suspect for the above stringent opinion and only eat this bread within a meal [and only for the purpose of satiation]. In a time of need, one is to say the blessing of Mezonos and Al Hamichya on such breads, although it is proper to wash one’s hands without a blessing.

• Example: One Friday morning, Yaakov bakes a thick, bread-like cake from a very thin batter. When he enjoys a slice as a light snack, he recites Mezonos and Al Hamichya. If he makes a meal out of it, he switches to Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon. When unsure about the thickness, Yaakov chooses only to eat it during established meals, just to be safe.

Blessing Laws for Terisa (Crepe) Bread

1. Terisa – Very thin flour water batter and baked product [i.e. Crepe[15]]:[16]

Its Definition: It is a very very very thin batter which is baked by pouring it onto a hot surface and the resultant cake is very very very thin.

Its Law: The blessing over Terisa bread is Mezonos and Al Hamichya even if one establishes a meal over it. However some Poskim rule that if one sets a meal over it, then its blessing is Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon, just as is the law regarding Trukinin. Practically, one should suspect for their opinion and thus only set a meal on Trisa bread if he eats a Kezayis of real bread beforehand.

• Example: For breakfast, Yaakov whips up crepes using a very thin flour-water batter and bakes them. He enjoys a few as a quick snack and recites Mezonos and Al Hamichya. If he ever plans to eat them as a full meal, he is cautious: he eats a small piece of regular bread first, to fulfill the stricter opinions regarding the blessing.

Summary – Bread made from a batter of water and flour:

All baked bread that is made from a thin batter of water and flour, as opposed to being made from thick dough is to have the blessing of Mezonos and Al Hamichya recited when eaten it as a snack, and the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda], with exception to the following cases:

1. Not thin batter nor product: Both the batter and the final baked product is thick to some degree in which case one is to only eat such bread within a meal, however, in a time of need, one can say Mezonos and Al Hamichya.
2. Thick product: The batter is not very, very, thin, and the final baked product is thick in which case one is to only eat such bread within a meal, however, in a time of need, one can say Mezonos and Al Hamichya.
3. Very thin batter and baked product: The batter and final baked product is very very thin, in which case one should not set a meal over the product unless it is eaten within a meal over real bread.

Chart for Batter Flat bread

1. Fried Batter:

Sizzling or Pan Fried dough or batter – Non-deep fried dough and batter:[17] All liquidly batter made from five grain flour which is fried in a nice amount of oil, similar to Latkes, have the same status as boiled or deep fried dough, and hence the before blessing is Mezonos and the after blessing of is Al Hamichya. This applies irrelevant of how much one eats and even if one sets a meal on it.

Non-Stick Coating or Greasing – dough or batter:[18] All liquidly batter made from five grain flour which is fried in a very small amount of oil simply so it does not stick, one is to recite Mezonos and Al Hamichya if one does not set a meal over it, and is to recite Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon if one sets meal over it.

• Examples: On Hanukkah, Yaakov fries up some latkes from a liquid batter made of flour and water, using plenty of oil. Before enjoying them, Yaakov recites Mezonos and, after eating, says Al Hamichya—no matter how many he eats. If he were to fry them with just enough oil to prevent sticking and eat them as a meal, he would say Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon.

Blessings for Fried Batter Based on Preparation

4. Flat bread made from dough:[19]

All dough made from five grain flour which is baked, irrelevant of thinness, has the same status as baked bread and hence one is to recite Hamotzi on any amount of it that one consumes and recite Birchas Hamazon if he ate a Kezayis within Achilas Peras.

• Examples: For lunch, Yaakov bakes a traditional flatbread from regular dough. Since this is just like ordinary bread, before eating a piece the size of a Kezayis, Yaakov recites Hamotzi and, after eating, says Birchas Hamazon.

5. Pas Haba Bekisnin:[20]
6. The General law:

Its law: Breads which are defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].

Its definition – The Dispute: There is a dispute amongst the Poskim as to the definition of the Pas Haba Bekisnin Mezonos bread. Some Poskim[21] rule that it is [even] defined as dough which is made using non-water liquids for the kneading, or dough which is spicy [and certainly applies to dough which is filled with sweets].[22] Other Poskim[23], however, rule that the above described bread is not defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin, and hence even if the dough was kneaded with liquids other than water, and contains spices, it is not defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin and remains Hamotzi. Rather, in their opinion, Pas Haba Bekisnin is [only] dough which has been filled with sweets. This refers to regular dough of bread which is filled with sweets such as honey, sugar, nuts and walnuts, hazelnuts, jelly, chocolate, caramel, fruits.[24] [In addition, a further opinion rules that all savory baked goods or savory snacks, such as crackers, pretzels, and the like are defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin. This opinion will be explained later on in Halacha 7.]

The final ruling: Practically, we take both opinions into account and hence one is to recite Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eating either of such breads as a snack, although a Baal Nefesh is to be stringent to not eat [the former type of Pas Haba Bekisnin Mezonos bread] outside of a meal over which one recites Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on a Kezayis of real bread.[25] All this applies only if one will not be setting a meal over the bread, however, if one will be setting a meal over the bread, as will be defined in Halacha 9, then its is Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon. The following are the details of each one of these types of breads:

1. Kneaded with non-water liquids:[26]

As stated above, we rule that any dough which is kneaded with non-water liquids such as, milk, butter, honey, oil, wine, fruit juices, eggs, fat, is defined [due to doubt] as Pas Haba Bikisnin and hence is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. Although a Baal Nefesh is to be stringent to not eat this type of bread outside of a meal.[27]

What is the law if the above doughs are mixed also with water?[28] In the event that the dough was kneaded with both water and non-water liquids, then we follow the majority liquid. If it is majority non-water liquids, then it is Mezonos when eaten as a snack, while if it is majority water, then it is Hamotzi even when eaten as a snack.

What is the law if one used water mixed with concentrate juice for the kneading? Majority of Poskim[29] rule that in such a case we measure the water versus the concentrate, and hence if a minority of concentrate juice was used with majority water, as is usually the case, then the bread is Hamotzi even when eaten as a snack.

• Example: Moshe is preparing a snack for the afternoon. He decides to bake bread, but instead of using just water, Moshe kneads his dough with milk and honey. According to the guidelines, because Moshe used mostly non-water liquids, his bread is classified as Pas Haba Bekisnin. When Moshe enjoys a slice as a snack, he recites the Mezonos and Al Hamichya blessings.

Blessing Based on Dough Ingredients

1. Spicy dough and bread:[30]

According to the first opinion above, even dough that has been kneaded with water, if it was kneaded with spices [i.e. sugar, garlic, pepper, Zatar] then if the spices are very well felt in the taste of the bread and hence people eat it as a snack[31], then its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. Although a Baal Nefesh is to be stringent to not eat this type of bread outside of a meal.[32]

If one mixed fruit juice and spices into the water do they join as a majority over the water? If the taste is changed to the point that it is not common to set a meal over such bread, then such bread is Mezonos. Thus, the eggs, oil, and spices which are added to the recipe all join as a majority against the water ingredient.

• Example: Moshe prepares a spicy loaf, adding plenty of eggs and oil along with fragrant spices that alter the bread’s taste. This bread, too, is considered a snack and requires the Mezonos blessing. However, if Moshe sits down to eat the spicy bread as his main meal, the proper blessings would be Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon.

1. Sweet Pastries –Dough fillings [i.e. Rugelach, Danish Croissant; éclair, cinnamon roll]:[33]

See Chapter 17 Halacha 2B regarding Ikar Vitafel for the full details of this subject!

As stated above, we rule that bread dough [i.e. flour and water] which has been filled with sweets [i.e. such as honey, sugar, nuts and walnuts, hazelnuts, jelly, chocolate, caramel, fruits] is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. [This applies even to a Baal Nefesh.]

What is the law if one removes the filling and eats only the bread? Even if one removes the filling and eats only the bread part of the pastry [i.e. one removes all of the chocolate from the Rugelach and eats only the plane pastry dough], nevertheless, its blessing remains Mezonos and Al Hamichya.[34]

What blessing is to be recited if one eats some of the filling alone after eating the pastry?[35] No blessing is said on the filling even if one eats some of the filling alone after eating the pastry. See Chapter 17 Halacha 2B regarding Ikar Vitafel for the full details of this subject!

What blessing is to be recited if one only eats the filling and not the pastry?[36] One recites whatever blessing befits that filling, whether Haeitz, Ha’adama or Shehakol.

How much of the food must one eat to recite Al Hamichya: One must eat a Kezayis of the actual Mezonos within four minutes to recite Al Hamichya. See Halacha 13 and Chapter 21 Halacha 15 for the full details of this subject!

• Example: Moshe picks up a chocolate-filled Rugelach to enjoy as a midday snack. Before eating, he recites the Mezonos blessing, knowing the dough is sweet-filled. He eats enough to fulfill the amount required for Al Hamichya and recites that blessing afterward. Later, Moshe scoops out some of the chocolate filling to taste separately; since he already said Mezonos and Al Hamichya for the pastry, he does not need a new blessing for the chocolate. However, if Moshe had chosen to eat only the chocolate filling without the pastry, he would say Shehakol, the blessing appropriate for chocolate.

1. Savory Pastries – Non Sweet Dough fillings [i.e. pies, samosas, and knishes]:[37]

Hamotzi dough [i.e. flour and water] which is filled with meat, potatoes, vegetables, mushrooms, spinach, cheese, receives the blessing of Hamotzi, as such foods are meant for satiation and not for pleasure.[38] This applies even if ones main intent in eating this food is to eat the filling and not the dough.

• Hamintashin: Those Hamintashin which are filled with sesame seeds are Hamotzi as they are made for satiation and not for snacking.

What blessing is to be recited if one only eats the filling?[39] One recites whatever blessing befits that filling, whether Haeitz, Ha’adama or Shehakol.

What blessing is to be recited if one eats some of the filling alone after eating the pastry?[40] No blessing is said on the filling even if one eats some of the filling alone after eating the pastry. See Chapter 17 Halacha 2B regarding Ikar Vitafel for the full details of this subject!

How much of the food must one eat to recite Al Hamichya: One must eat a Kezayis of the actual Hamotzi within four minutes to recite Al Hamichya. See Halacha 13 and Chapter 21 Halacha 15 for the full details of this subject!

• Example: Moshe sits at the table and takes a knish filled with potatoes. Since the dough is flour-based with just water, and the filling is savory, he recites the Hamotzi blessing before eating. After finishing most of the knish, Moshe scoops out some of the remaining potato filling and eats it alone. Because he already said Hamotzi for the knish, no new blessing is needed for the filling. If Moshe had decided to eat only the potato filling, he would have recited Ha’adama, the appropriate blessing for potatoes.

1. If one has Mezonos bread and Hamotzi bread on the table and he plans to eat both, over which bread should he say Hamotzi?[41]

One should say Hamotzi on the Hamotzi bread, as it is more Chashuv.

Why do many people avoid Mezonos bread?

Question:

Recently I entered a conversation with someone at the bakery who claimed that Mezonos bread is really a farce and that all the serious Poskim hold that there is no such thing as Mezonos bread today. I insisted that the leading authorities have long ruled that, in truth, Mezonos bread as we know it today is still Mezonos, as otherwise the Hashgacha would not agree to sell it as Mezonos! Who is accurate?

Answer:

This is indeed a scholarly discussion in which both you and your friend have legitimate arguments based on the Poskim. Practically, however, we conclude that those who continue to recite the blessing of Mezonos on today’s Mezonos bread have upon whom to rely and cannot be protested. On the other hand, those who are stringent to only eat it within a meal are also worthy of praise. Neither party is doing anything wrong.

Explanation:

The subject of bread which receives the blessing of Mezonos is highly debated amongst the Poskim. The discussion begins with defining the Talmudic concept of Pas Haba Bekisnin bread, which receives the blessing of Mezonos so long as it is eaten as a snack. This matter is under debate with some saying that it refers to bread that is filled with a sweet spread while others saying that it refers to bread that is kneaded with juice or other non-water liquids. Practically, we are lenient in this matter like both opinions, following the rule of Safek Brachos Lihakel, although conclude that a meticulous Jew should be stringent to only eat such bread within a meal due to the doubt. With this information alone we can already conclude a defense for both positions taken above, one which follows the letter of the law and permits reciting Mezonos on such bread, and a second which is stringent to only eat it within a meal. However, things are not that simple. You see, there is great discussion amongst the authorities regarding when bread that is kneaded with non-water liquids becomes Mezonos. Does it simply suffice to have majority non-water liquids in the mixture, or must one actually taste a great sweetness in the bread which would lead one to not set a meal over but rather eat it as a mere snack? This is the core of the debate regarding today’s Mezonos that is sold in the stores which is made using majority non-water liquids. Some argue that this is the classic Mezonos bread discussed in the original debate by which we rule that it’s blessing is Mezonos due to the doubt. Others, however, argue that no opinion holds that today’s Mezonos bread is really Mezonos, as in order for it to be Mezonos one must taste an actual difference of sweetness in the bread, otherwise the mere fact that it has majority non-water liquids is irrelevant and is not subject to the above debate and hence retains the blessing of Hamotzi. Now, while this matter is indeed a real debate amongst the Poskim with some taking the former position of majority non-water liquids being the determining factor, and some taking the latter position of actual strong taste of sweetness being the determining factor, there is a further aspect in play of which there is wide consensus amongst the authorities. Even according to the former position which suffices with majority non-water liquids for the bread to become Mezonos, the consensus amongst the Poskim is that the non-water liquid must be an intrinsic majority, such as 51% squeezed 100% apple juice, and another 49% water. However, if one simply uses concentrated juice and then adds water to it then even if the watered down concentrate makes up the entire liquid ingredients of the mixture, nonetheless, it’s blessing remains Hamotzi being that the concentrated juice is less than 50%. This creates a further reason of argument against the Mezonos bread industry, as some bakeries use concentrated juice which does not amount to over 50% of the total liquid amount hence leaving it Hamotzi according to all. In addition to all the above, a further point of argument against the Mezonos bread industry is that even if it were to be determined that the bread is being truly made in a way that it’s blessing is Mezonos according to all opinions, people are accustomed to eat this bread simply in order to escape the need to Bentch, and hence quite often eat a large amount of it which adds up to a meal, in which case all are in agreement that it’s blessing is Hamotzi and not Mezonos. Thus, due to all the above issues there are some Yidden who simply do not eat Mezonos bread as a snack and only eat it within the confines of a regular meal over real bread. Nonetheless, the custom of the vast majority of world Jewry is to be lenient and to continue to recite the blessing of Mezonos on Mezonos bread. This relies on the long-standing ruling that even bread kneaded with non-water liquids is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin, and follows the opinions who hold that having a simple majority of non-water liquid suffices, and places trust in the rabbinical supervision that they are not using concentrate for this purpose. Practically, so long as those who are lenient do not eat enough of the product for it to be considered a meal then they may not be protested in what they are doing.

So to summarize:

Some people avoid Mezonos bread because of significant uncertainty and debate among halachic authorities regarding its definition and the proper blessings to recite over it. The following are their concerns:

• Questionable Definition: Some authorities argue that unless the bread is filled with sweets, it does not qualify as Mezonos bread but remains Hamotzi.
• Taste Requirement: There is an opinion that, for bread to be considered Mezonos, its sweetness or unique flavor must be distinctly noticeable—mere majority of non-water liquids is not enough.
• Preparation Methods: If the bread is made using concentrated juice diluted with water, and the actual concentrate is less than 50% of the liquid ingredients, it does not meet the requirements to be considered Mezonos.
• Eaten as a Meal: If a person eats enough Mezonos bread to constitute a meal, all authorities agree its blessing becomes Hamotzi, not Mezonos.

Sources: See regarding the debate of the definition of Pas Haba Bekisnin and if bread kneaded with non-water liquids is included: See Seder 2:7-9; Luach 8:3-12; Admur 168:7-18; Michaber 168:7-10; Rambam Brachos 3:9; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:5-8; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:8-22 See regarding if a simple majority of non-water liquid suffices or if it must be strongly felt in the taste of the bread: Mere taste of any sweetness suffices: Michaber 168:7; Must have a lot of taste of sweetness: Rama 168:7; Taz 168:7; Aruch Hashulchan 168:24; Majority non-water liquid suffices; Admur 168:11; Seder 2:7; Luach 8:4; Taz 168:7; Sefer Hachaim; Yad Meir 29; Daas Torah ibid; Birchas Habayis 9:17;  See regarding the invalidation of using concentrated juice: Mishnas Sachir 41; Poskim in Kaf Hachaim 168:57; Minchas Yitzchak 9:17; Shevet Halevi 8:32; 9:44; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168 footnote 70; See regarding that if one eats a meal of the bread then it becomes Hamotzi: See Seder 2:1-4; Luach 8:1-2; Admur 168:8; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:18; Shiurei Torah 3, pp. 213-219; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:4-7

6. Minority flour cakes – Lekach and Honey cake, brownies, cheesecake, almond cake:[42]

A cake primarily made with honey and a smaller proportion of flour, known as Lekach, is classified as Mezonos [and not Hamotzi] according to all viewpoints [even a Baal Nefesh], due to the predominance of honey, and its main intent being for pleasure and sweetness rather than being a satiating food.[43] However, if one sets a meal over it, then it is Hamotzi.[44] [The same would apply to brownies and cheesecake and almond cake which contain only a minority ingredient of flour, that their blessing is Mezonos, unless one sets a meal over them in which case their before blessing is Hamotzi. However, their after blessing would be dependent on how much flour was in the mixture as explained in chapter 8 Halacha 6.]

• Example: Shlomo attends a family gathering where a variety of cakes are served for dessert, including cheesecake and almond cake. For reference, cheesecake is typically made with cream cheese, eggs, sugar, and a small amount of flour in the crust or batter. Almond cake often features ground almonds, eggs, sugar, and a bit of flour. He takes a modest slice of cheesecake to enjoy with his tea. Remembering the blessing rules, Shlomo recites the Mezonos blessing before eating, as this is not his main meal.

7. Ugos Yiveishos – Savory baked goods or savory snacks – Crackers and pretzels:[45]

Dry baked goods like pretzels and crackers, made of flour and water without any spices, are debated as to whether they are defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin[46], and consequently are debated as to their blessing [i.e. Hamotzi or Mezonos]. Practically, due to Safek Brachos Lihakel, they are Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].[47] Nonetheless, due to the debate[48], some are accustomed [even if they are not a Baal Nefesh] to avoid eating pretzels or crackers outside of a meal unless they contain spices or fruit juices that can be tasted, in which case they can be considered Mezonos regardless due to being Pas Haba Bekisnin as rules the first opinion.

• Example: Suppose Yanky is preparing a snack before heading out for the afternoon. He reaches for a box of plain crackers and wonders which blessing to recite. Since he’s enjoying them as a quick bite and not as a meal, Yanky says Mezonos. However, he remembers what he learned: if he were to sit down and eat enough crackers to constitute a meal, he would need to say Hamotzi instead. To avoid any doubt, Yanky sometimes chooses crackers flavored with herbs or fruit juice, ensuring Mezonos is the correct blessing according to all opinions.

8. Practical lists of various baked goods and pastries and their corresponding law:

*See also our Luach of Brachos published at the end of the Sefer for a more extensive list of foods and their blessings in alphabetical order.

*PHB=Pas Haba Bekisnin; PHB x1= Pas Haba Bekisnin according to one opinion

• Bagels: Bagels are made by mixing flour, water, yeast, sugar, and salt into a dense dough, shaping it into rings, then boiling them briefly before baking until golden. When made with majority fruit juice, then it is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin according to some Poskim, and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. Some are stringent to never eat it outside of a meal. When made with majority water, its blessing is Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon.
• Biscuits [PHB x 2]: Biscuits are made with a dough which consists of flour, baking powder, salt, cold butter or margarine, and milk or buttermilk. Water isn’t typically added to biscuit dough. Instead, milk or buttermilk is used to moisten and bind the ingredients. This gives biscuits their distinct flavor and tender texture. The cold butter or margarine is also essential, creating those delightful flaky layers as it melts during baking. There’s a slight sweetness but they’re not overly sweet. It is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin [both due to containing no water ingredient, and due to its small snack size] and thus its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. Some [i.e. Baal Nefesh] are stringent to never eat it outside of a meal.
• Bissli made of wheat [cooked dough]: Bissli is an Israeli deep fried wheat snack produced by Osem. It’s a crunchy snack that comes in various shapes and flavors, such as BBQ, onion, pizza, falafel, and more. Its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya even if one sets a meal over it.
• Blintzes [Terisa and PHB]:[49] Blintzes are thin pancakes made with a batter which is filled with sweet or savory mixtures, rolled up, and lightly fried. It is defined as Lachmaniyos or Terisa bread [due to thinness] and Pas Haba Bekisnin and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and should be eaten within a meal, when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].
• Boiled dough: Mezonos and Al Hamichya even if set meal.
• Bran bread: Bran bread is typically made with whole wheat flour, bran (often from wheat or oats), yeast, water, and sometimes other ingredients like honey, molasses, or seeds. Bran bread is Hamotzi, and if made with flour of one of the five grains [i.e. wheat or oats] then it receives the after blessing of Birchas Hamazon. If made using other flours, such as legume flour, then its blessing is Shehakol.
• Bread with chocolate or other sweet spread that was placed after bread was baked:[50] Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon.
• Brownies: Brownies are traditionally made with chocolate and a smaller proportion of flour. It is classified as Pas Haba Bekisnin according to all opinions and is hence Mezonos when eaten as a snack [even for a Baal Nefesh]. However, if one sets a meal over it, then it is Hamotzi. However, their after blessing would be dependent on how much flour was in the mixture as explained in chapter 8 Halacha 6.
• Burekas or bourekas [PHB]:[51] Burekas (also spelled “borek” or “bourekas”) are savory pastries popular in Israel and the Middle East, originally from Turkish cuisine. Made from dough similar to puff pastry or phyllo, they’re filled with various ingredients like cheese, potatoes, spinach, or meat. Burekas are often sprinkled with sesame seeds and baked until golden and crispy. Its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. A Baal Nefesh is to be stringent to not eat it outside of a meal over which one recites Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on a Kezayis of real bread. When made from regular bread dough, the blessing is Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon, just like regular bread.
• Cake [PHB x1, Lachmaniyos]: Typical cake, due to the oil, eggs, milk, fruit juice, and sweet ingredients that are added to the batter, is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin according to some Poskim, and due to it being batter and not dough, is defined as Lachmaniyos, and is hence Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack [due to these two reasons], and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. However, some [i.e. Baal Nefesh] are stringent to never eat it outside of a meal if made with a not very thin batter. [If made with a very thin batter, it is Mezonos according to all, as is the rule by Lachmaniyos.]
• Cheesecake: Cheesecake is traditionally made with only a minority ingredient of flour, and is therefore classified as Pas Haba Bekisnin according to all opinions and is hence Mezonos when eaten as a snack [even for a Baal Nefesh]. However, if one sets a meal over it, then it is Hamotzi. However, their after blessing would be dependent on how much flour was in the mixture as explained in chapter 8 Halacha 6.
• Cinnamon Roll [PHB]: Cinnamon rolls are made from a sweet, yeasted dough. The dough is rolled out, brushed with butter, and sprinkled with a mixture of cinnamon and sugar. It’s then rolled up, sliced, and baked. Often, they’re topped with cream cheese or a simple powdered sugar glace. It is defined Pas Haba Bekisnin according to all opinions and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].
• Crackers [PHB]: Crackers are made with a dough which consists of flour, water, oil, and salt. It is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin [even when made without spices, and certainly when made with spices] and thus its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. Some [i.e. Baal Nefesh] are stringent to never eat it outside of a meal even when made with spices. Some are stringent [even not a Baal Nefesh] to never eat it outside of a meal when made without spices and has water as its majority ingredient.[52]
• Crepes [Fried, PHB, Terisa]: Crepes is made with a very loose batter of flour, milk, eggs, and a bit of butter and is baked thin. Its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack[53], and when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda] to the point of satiation, then it is only to be eaten within a meal of a Kezayis of real bread.[54] This applies even if fried with a nice amount of oil, and certainly if baked or fried with very little oil.
• Croissants [PHB]:[55] Croissants are made from laminated dough, where butter is folded into the dough multiple times, resulting in a flaky, layered pastry. It is defined Pas Haba Bekisnin and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].
• Croutons: All store bought bread croutons are Mezonos. If homemade Hamotzi croutons are placed into soup, then if entered into a Keli Rishon [i.e. the actual pot of soup], then its blessing is Mezonos due to doubt. If, however, the croutons are placed into a Keli Sheiyni [i.e. a typical bowl of soup] then they remain Hamotzi unless it disintegrates. See Chapter 8 Halacha 12].
• Danish [PHB]: The Danish pastry is a multi-layered, laminated sweet pastry. The dough, similar to a croissant, incorporates butter through a series of folds, creating thin, flaky layers. After rolling out, it’s shaped and filled with ingredients like cream cheese, fruit, or almond paste, then baked. It is defined Pas Haba Bekisnin according to all opinions and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].
• Éclair [PHB]: Eclairs start with choux pastry, made from water, butter, flour, and eggs. The dough is piped into oblong shapes and baked until puffy and hollow inside. Once cooled, they’re filled with pastry cream or custard and topped with a chocolate glaze. It is defined Pas Haba Bekisnin according to all opinions and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].
• Ezekiel bread: Ezekiel bread is made from a blend of sprouted whole grains and legumes, including wheat, barley, beans, lentils, millet, and spelt. Some varieties can include whole wheat flour. The whole grains that produce the sprouts are typically ground up to make Ezekiel bread. The before blessing on Ezekiel bread which contains some grain is Hamotzi. [If indeed it were to be determined that one’s Ezekiel bread was made from sprouts without any grain at all, not even its own grain, then its blessing would be Shehakol and Borei Nefashos.] Regarding the after blessing, since its not possible to know how much kernel flour is actually inside, one is to recite a Borei Nefashos on another food, or eat it within a meal of bread [which would defeat the purpose for the healthy minders]. See Chapter 8 Halacha 10.
• Flavored or spiced bread:[56] Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon [unless flavored and spiced to such an abundance that people do not establish a meal over such bread and only eat a small amount of it as a snack, in which case, when eaten as a snack its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya].
• Flour Latkes [Fried, PHB x1]: Flour latkes are made using flour mixing it with eggs, water, and seasonings. Its dough is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin according to some Poskim and likewise due to the frying, its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda], it should be eaten within a meal of actual bread.
• French Toast: Slices of French toast that are a Kezayis or more in size receive the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon. Slices of French toast which are less than a Kezayis in size [i.e. entered into the frying pan while less than a Kezayis in size] and were fried with a decent amount of oil, then it is a dispute as to whether Hamozti or Mezonos should be recited, and thus it should only be eaten within a meal, and if one does not do so then he should recite Mezonos and Al Hamichyah. See Chapter 8 Halacha 21.
• Gluten free bread: Gluten free bread that is made of only oat flour, without a mix of other flours, is Hamotzi and requires Birchas Hamazon just like any other bread. Gluten free bread that is made of only legume flour, without a mix of five grain flour, is Shehakol and requires Borei Nefashos. If the bread is made of a mixture of legumes flour and oat flour, the before blessing is Hamotzi, even if the oat flour is the minority ingredient. Regarding Birchas Hamazon, it depends on the amount of five grain flour included within the mixture, as well as on the amount that one ate. If the mixture contains enough oat flour that a Kezayis of it can be consumed within four minutes, and one indeed eats a Kezayis of oat flour within 4 minutes, then Birchas Hamazon is to be recited. If however one did not eat a Kezayis of oat flour within 4 minutes, then if the bread contains a Kezayis of oat flour within 174 grams of the bread, one is to recite Al Hamichyeah. If the bread does not contain a Kezayis of oat flour within 174 grams of the bread, then it is to only be eaten within a meal. See Chapter 8 Halacha 8.
• Hamintashin [PHB]: The dough for hamentashen is typically a sweet, cookie-like dough made from flour, sugar, eggs, oil or butter, and a bit of baking powder. It is then commonly filled with chocolate, or jam. Due to the sweet filling, it is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin and is hence Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack [even for a Bal Nefesh], and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. However, Hamintashin which are made using Hamotzi dough and filled with poppy seeds, cheese, meat, and the like are Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon.
• Jachanun – steam cooked [Boiled, PHB x1]: Jachnun is a traditional Yemenite Jewish dish. The Jachanun dough is made from flour, water, oil, and a bit of sugar and salt. The dough is kneaded, then rolled out thinly and brushed with margarine or butter before being rolled up tightly. It’s then slow-cooked overnight, creating that unique, rich, and slightly sweet flavor. It’s traditionally cooked in a covered pot with water, which creates a steam environment. It’s not submerged in the water, but is slow steam-baked. Its dough is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin according to some Poskim, and is perhaps also defined as boiled due to the steam cooking, and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya even when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda], as explained in Chapter 8 Halacha 20 regarding cooked dough.
• Jachanun – Baked [PHB x1]: Due to the oil, its dough is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin according to some Poskim and is hence Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. Some [i.e. Baal Nefesh] are stringent to never eat it outside of a meal.
• Jachanun – Fried [PHB x1]: Due to the oil, its dough is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin according to some Poskim and is hence Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda], it should be eaten within a meal of actual bread. See Chapter 8 Halacha 21.
• Kneidlach: Mezonos and Al Hamichya. See Chapter 8 Halacha 24.
• Kokosh Cake [PHB]: Kokosh cake is made from a yeast dough that’s rolled thin and filled with a rich, chocolate (or sometimes cinnamon) filling. The dough is then rolled up and baked. Due to the filling, it is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin and is hence Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack [even for a Bal Nefesh], and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].
• Lekach Honey cake: Honey cake is traditionally made with honey and a smaller proportion of flour. It is classified as Pas Haba Bekisnin according to all opinions and is hence Mezonos when eaten as a snack [even for a Baal Nefesh]. However, if one sets a meal over it, then it is Hamotzi. However, their after blessing would be dependent on how much flour was in the mixture as explained in chapter 8 Halacha 6.
• Malawah [PHB]:[57] Malawah is a traditional Yemenite Jewish flatbread. It’s made from a laminated dough similar to puff pastry, enriched with butter or oil, and cooked flat in a frying pan. The result is a flaky, layered bread that resembles a thick pancake. It is defined Pas Haba Bekisnin and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda] if baked or fried with very little oil. However, when fried with a nice amount of oil it should be eaten within a meal over real bread if eaten to the point of satiation. Some [i.e. Baal Nefesh] are stringent to never eat it outside of a meal, even when eaten as a snack, if it is fried with very little oil.
• Matzah: Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon. See Chapter 8 Halacha 15.
• Matzah balls: Mezonos and Al Hamichya. See Chapter 8 Halacha 24.
• Matzah Brye: If the Matzah brye has been broken to pieces that are less than a kezayis or one uses ground matzah flour, and has lost its appearance of Matzah [such as due to the soaking, or due to using ground matzoh flour], then its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichyah even if one sets a meal over it and will eat it to the point of satiation. This applies whether it is baked, cooked in a pot or panfried. See Chapter 8 Halacha 25.
• Mezonos bread: Mezonos bread is a type of bread made with juice, honey, or other liquids instead of water. All such bread which is made with majority fruit juice, is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin according to some Poskim, and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. Some are stringent to never eat it outside of a meal. When made with majority water and not overly sweet, its blessing is Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon.
• Oatmeal flake bread: Oatmeal flake bread is a type of bread made with oatmeal flakes with whole wheat flour, all-purpose flour, water, yeast, and sometimes honey or molasses for a touch of sweetness. If the oatmeal flake bread also has five grain flour and can therefore be cut into regular slices of bread and resembles the form of bread, then its blessing is Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon. If the oatmeal flake bread also has legume flour then seemingly it retains the same status as all legume bread, discussed in Chapter 8 Halacha 5, which is Shehakol and Borei Nefashos. If the oatmeal flake bread has no flour and only flakes, then since it cannot cut into regular slices of bread and does not resemble the form of bread, then its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichyah, just like oatmeal porridge. See Chapter 8 Halacha 12.
• Pancakes [Fried, PHB, Truknin]: Is made from a loose batter made from flour, baking powder, eggs, milk, and a pinch of salt, and fried slightly thick. Its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya[58] when eaten as a snack, and when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda] to the point of satiation, then if fried with a nice amount of oil it should be eaten within a meal over real bread, and if baked or fried with very little oil, then one may say Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon over it when eating it as a meal. See Halacha 3.
• Pastry dough – [Betzek Alim in Hebrew]:[59] Pastry is a dough made from flour, water, and fat, often enriched with sugar or eggs, used as a base or covering for sweet and savory dishes. It is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin [of the first opinion] and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. A Baal Nefesh is to be stringent to not eat this outside of a meal over which one recites Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on a Kezayis of real bread.
• Phyllo Dough [PHB]:[60] Phyllo (or filo) dough is made with flour, water, and a small amount of oil or vinegar. It’s rolled out into very thin sheets and layered with butter or oil before baking. This dough gives a crisp, delicate texture to the pastry. It is defined as Lachmaniyos [due to thinness] and Pas Haba Bekisnin and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. A Baal Nefesh is to be stringent to not eat it outside of a meal over which one recites Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on a Kezayis of real bread.
• Pizza made with Hamotzi dough [majority water]:[61] Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon.
• Pizza made with Mezonos dough [majority non-water liquids]:[62] Mezonos and Al Hamichya, unless eat Kevius Seuda in which case it is Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon.
• Pretzels [PHB]: Pretzels are made using a dough that is made with flour, yeast, water, and salt. After it rises, it is shaped into pretzels, dipped in a baking soda solution, and then baked. It is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin according to some Poskim due to its small size, and if spiced then also due to its spices, and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. Some however are stringent [even not a Baal Nefesh] to never eat it outside of a meal when made without spices and a Baal Nefesh does not eat it outside of a meal even when made with spices.[63]
• Puff Pastry Dough [PHB]:[64] This type of dough is made by layering butter between sheets of dough and folding it multiple times to create a light, flaky texture. The ingredients typically include flour, water, butter, and a pinch of salt. It is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin [of the first opinion] and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda]. A Baal Nefesh is to be stringent to not eat [the former type of Pas Haba Bekisnin Mezonos bread] outside of a meal over which one recites Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on a Kezayis of real bread.
• Rasin bread:[65] Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon [unless flavored and spiced to such an abundance that people do not establish a meal over such bread and only eat a small amount of it as a snack, in which case, when eaten as a snack its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya].
• Rugelach [PHB]: This is a traditional Jewish pastry. The dough is usually made with yeast, flour, sugar, eggs, and sour cream or butter. It’s rolled out, cut into triangles, and filled with chocolate, cinnamon, fruit preserves, or nuts, then rolled up and baked until golden. It is defined Pas Haba Bekisnin according to all opinions and hence its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack, and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].
• Strudel [PHB]: A strudel is a type of layered pastry with a sweet or savory filling. Classic strudels, like the famous Apple Strudel are made by rolling out dough very thinly, spreading the filling, and then carefully rolling it up and baking until golden. Due to the sweet filling, it is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin and is hence Mezonos and Al Hamichya when eaten as a snack [even for a Bal Nefesh], and requires the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon when eaten as a meal [i.e. Kevius Seuda].
• Sun dried tomato bread:[66] Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon [unless containing tomatoes to such an abundance that people do not establish a meal over such bread and only eat a small amount of it as a snack, in which case, when eaten as a snack its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya].
• Wafers [PHB x2, Terisa]:[67] Wafer batter is made by mixing flour, water, sugar, and often some fat. The batter is then spread thinly onto heated plates or molds and baked until it forms crisp, thin sheets. Once baked, the wafer sheets are cooled to prevent them from becoming too soft. If the wafer is to be layered, like in wafer cookies, a creamy or chocolate filling is spread between multiple wafer sheets. It is defined as Pas Haba Bekisnin [due to all three opinions, its sweetness, its filling, and its size], and is also defined as a Terisa. Hence, its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya if one eats it as a snack, and it should be eaten within a meal of real bread if one sets a meal over it.
• Zatar Bread:[68] Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon [unless flavored and spiced to such an abundance that people do not establish a meal over such bread and only eat a small amount of it as a snack, in which case, when eaten as a snack its blessing is Mezonos and Al Hamichya].

9. Kevius Seuda – The definition of a meal:[69]

In many of the previous laws regarding Mezonos bread and other products [Pas Haba Bekisnin; Teruknin; Lachmaniyos], we stated that if one sets a meal over the food, known as Kevius Seuda, then he is required to wash hands with a blessing[70], recite Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon over the food. In other cases we mentioned that one who sets a meal over it, must eat the food within a meal of real bread. The following law will delineate the exact definition of a meal, and what is Kevius Seuda. In all cases mentioned that the blessing of Mezonos remains even if one sets a meal over the food, then this law is irrelevant.

1. The law:[71]

There is a dispute amongst Rishonim whether the determining factor is satiation[72] or the amount that one eats. Within this latter approach itself, a dispute exists as to whether its amount is 4 Kebeitzim [230 grams] or 6 Kibeitzim [346 grams]. The following is the law:

If one ate less than 4 Kibeitzim [230 grams]: If one ate less than 4 Kibeitzim and he is not satiated then according to all he is to say Mezonos and Al Hamichyah. If however one assesses that he will be satisfied from this meal, then he is to say Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on a Kezayis of real bread [as in such a case it is disputed as to whether it is considered Kevius Seuda]. [This applies only if it is a product which becomes Hamotzi upon setting a meal over it, as explained in the previous Halachas].

• Example: Rachel had a small piece of Mezonos cake weighing 150 grams for breakfast. She did not feel satiated after eating it. Therefore, she said the blessing Mezonos followed by Al Hamichyah as an after-blessing. However, if she had felt satiated, she would have washed her hands and recited Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on real bread.

Ate between 4 Kibeitzim and 6 Kibeitzim [230 grams-346 grams]: If one ate more than 4 Kibeitzim, but less than 6 Kebeitzim, then if he assumes that he will not be satiated from it, then he is to say Mezonos and Al Hamichyah. If however he assumes that he will be satiated, then he is to say Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on the Mezonos product [if it is a product which becomes Hamotzi upon setting a meal over it, as explained in the previous Halachas].

• Example: David enjoyed a mid-morning snack consisting of Mezonos cookies weighing 280 grams. He did not feel full after eating them and hence said Mezonos and Al Hamichyah. However, if he had felt satisfied with the same amount, he would have washed his hands and recited Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on the Mezonos cookies themselves.

Ate between 6 Kibeitza [346g] and 21 Kibeitza [1244g]: If one ate more than 6 Kibeitzim, but less than 21 Kebeitzim, then if he assumes that he will be satiated, then he is to say Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on the food itself. However if one assesses that he will not be satiated from this amount, then he is to say Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on a Kezayis of real bread [if it is a product which becomes Hamotzi upon setting a meal over it, as explained in the previous Halachas].

• Example: Sarah had a meal of Mezonos pizza weighing 500 grams for lunch. She felt completely full and satisfied after eating. Therefore, she washed her hands and recited Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on the pizza itself. If she had not felt full, she would have washed her hands and recited Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on a piece of real bread instead.

If ate 21.5 Beitzim or more [1244g+]:[73] If one ate more than 21 Kibeitzim, then one must wash and say Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on this Mezonos bread itself, even if he will not be full [if it is a product which becomes Hamotzi upon setting a meal over it, as explained in the previous Halachas].

• Example: Yonathon celebrated his birthday with a large cake, consuming more than 1500 grams of Mezonos cake. Since he ate more than 21 Kibeitzim, he had to wash his hands, say Hamotzi, and recite Birchas Hamazon on the cake itself whether satisfied or not.

1. Became full as a result of other foods in addition to the bread:[74]

If an individual consumes bread as well as other foods and becomes satiated from it, then it is regarded as if they became full from the Mezonos bread. Therefore, if they consume more than four Kibeitzim of the bread, then they should wash their hands over it, recite Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon. If they consume less, they should wash their hands over another piece of regular bread.

• Example: If an individual consumes a sandwich containing meat or fish and becomes satiated from it, it is regarded as if they became full from the Mezonos bread. Therefore, if they consumed more than four kibeitzim of the bread, they should wash their hands over it. If they consumed less, they should wash their hands over another piece of regular bread.
• Example: Chava had a sandwich with Mezonos bread along with side dishes and felt full. Because she consumed more than 4 Kibeitzim of the bread, she washed her hands, recited Hamotzi, and Birchas Hamazon. If she had consumed less bread, she would have washed her hands and recited Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on another piece of regular bread.

1. One planned to eat a snack of Mezonos and then changed his mind to eat Shiur Seuda:[75]

In the event that one initially intended to eat less than the amount of a meal of a Mezonos product that can become Hamotzi, and then changed his mind to eat more of the product which in total amounts to a meal, then the procedure is as follows: One is to say an after blessing of Al Hamichyah on what he already ate and then take a break.[76] He is to then wash and say Hamotzi over the remaining Mezonos product and then eat at least 4 Kibetzim worth of the bread, and become full.[77] He recites Birchas Hamazon at its conclusion.

If he does not plan to now eat 4 Kebeitzim in his second eating:[78] If he plans to eat less than 4 Kibeitzim, then he is to say an after blessing, wait and wash on a piece of real bread and recite Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon.

If he did not say an after blessing in-between:[79] If he does not say an after blessing in-between and simply continued eating, then if he ate to the point of satiation and ate a total of four Kibeitzim or more of the Mezonos product, then he is to recite Birchas Hamazon, even though Hamotzi was not recited beforehand.

• Example: Michael initially planned to have a small snack of Mezonos crackers but then decided to eat a full meal. He first said Al Hamichyah as an after-blessing for the initial portion, took a break, and then washed his hands, recited Hamotzi, and ate the remaining crackers, ensuring to consume at least 4 Kibeitzim. He concluded with Birchas Hamazon.

10. Compilation – Boiled and fried dough and batter:[80] [See chapter 8 Halacha 16-17]

*Important note: This law refers specifically to cooked or fried dough or batter. For cooked or fried bread [i.e. dough that has already been baked], see Chapter 8 Halacha 20!

1. Boiled dough [or batter]:[81]

While baked dough has the potential of becoming the blessing of Hamotzi, depending the various factors listed above in Halacha 2, boiled dough always receives the blessing of Mezonos irrelevant of any other factor. This applies whether it was boiled in water or any other liquid.

1. Submerged in Oil – Deep fried dough [i.e. Spingim; Sufganiyot] [or batter]:[82]

Deep-fried dough has the same status as boiled dough, and hence the before blessing of deep fried dough is Mezonos and the after blessing of deep fried dough is Al Hamichya. This applies irrelevant of how much one eats and even if one sets a meal over it. [Thus, Spingim and Sufganiyot are always Mezonos.]

1. Sizzling in oil – Pan Fried dough or batter [Non-deep fried]:

Thin batter [i.e. Lachmaniyos/Truknin in Hebrew, or Pancakes]:[83] All liquidly batter made from five grain flour which is fried in a nice amount of oil, similar to Latkes, have the same status as boiled or deep fried dough, and hence the before blessing is Mezonos and the after blessing of is Al Hamichya. This applies irrelevant of how much one eats and even if one sets a meal on it.

Dough:[84] If one fried the dough with a nice amount of oil or other liquid, it is disputed whether the dough has the status of boiled dough and retains the blessing of Mezonos and Al Hamichya irrelevant of how much one eats, or has the status of baked dough which retains the blessing of Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon.[85] Practically, we rule like the former approach that frying is like cooking and hence one is to recite the blessing of Mezonos and Al Hamichya upon eating bread that was made from fried dough. Nevertheless, taking into account the latter opinion, one is to be stringent not to eat such bread to the point of satiation unless it is eaten within a meal [i.e. Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on regular baked bread].

1. Non-Stick Coating or Greasing – Pan baked dough or batter:

Definition: Coating or greasing the pan refers to creating a non-stick surface through using a small amount of oil without deep frying. The question is whether this small amount of oil makes the dough or batter defined as baked and is therefore Hamotzi, or as fried, and is therefore subject to the above law

Thin batter [i.e. Lachmaniyos/Truknin in Hebrew, or Pancakes]:[86] All liquidly batter made from five grain flour which is fried in a very small amount of oil simply so it does not stick, one is to recite Mezonos and Al Hamichya if one does not set a meal over it, and is to recite Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon if one sets meal over it.

Dough:[87] All dough made from five grain flour which is fried in a very small amount of oil simply so it does not stick, has the same status as baked bread and hence one is to recite Hamotzi on any amount of it that one consumes and recite Birchas Hamazon if he ate a Kezayis within Achilas Peras.

Summary of Chapter

Three main reasons something is Mezonos:

1. Liquid content (majority non-water)
2. Flavor profile (sweet/spicy so not meal bread)
3. Form/texture (thin batter, snack size, or filled with sweets)

Kevius Seuda (establishing a meal) is the main trigger for switching to Hamotzi — except for foods that are always Mezonos (deep-fried dough, minority-flour cakes eaten in small amounts).

Baal Nefesh stringency: Avoid borderline Mezonos breads outside a meal.

📊 Analysis Table – Types of Mezonos Breads

[1] See Seder 2:1-12; Luach Birchas Hanehnin 8; Admur 168:8-17; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:1-9

[2] Mamar Murdechaiy 168:18; Chayeh Adam 58:1-2; Derech Hachaim Dinei Taus Alef; Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 56:1; Kaf Hachaim 158:43; Birchas Habayis 19:22; Even Haozer 168:5; Ketzos Hashulchan 48 footnote 1; Ritva Brachos 2:18; Igros Moshe Y.D. 3:120 -2 unlike Igros Moshe O.C. 2:54

Other Opinions: Some Poskim rule that the blessing of Hamotzi never covers Mezonos, even by Pas Haba Bekisnin, and hence the blessing of Mezonos is still required to be recited. The proof is from the fact that regarding those breads which are disputed whether they are Hamotzi or Mezonos it is ruled that Mezonos is to be recited. This implies that if one were to recite Hamotzi then he would not fulfill his obligation according to the opinion which requires Mezonos to be said. [Elya Raba 168:20; Igros Moshe O.C. 2:54 unlike Igros Moshe Y.D. 3:120 -2]

[3] The reason: As these foods contain the same form as does bread and thus it does not appear that one is lying when saying the blessing. [Chayeh Adam ibid]

[4] Mamar Murdechaiy 168:18; Chayeh Adam 58:1-2 and Nishmas Adam 1; Derech Hachaim Dinei Taus Alef; Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 56:1; Kerem Shlomo 168:5; Ketzos Hashulchan 48 footnote 1; Kaf Hachaim 158:43

[5] The reason: As it appears like a clear lie to say “Hamotzi” over this food when in truth it has no resemblance of bread. [Chayeh Adam ibid]

[6] See Seder 2:1; Luach Birchas Hanehnin 8; Admur 168:8; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:1

[7] Seder Netilas Yadayim Halacha 19; Seder Birchas Hanehnin 2:2; Admur 158:1

[8] Seder 2:5

[9] See Seder 2:7-9; Luach 8:3-12; Admur 168:7-18; Michaber 168:7; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:5-8; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:8-22

[10] A crêpe is ultra-thin and soft, made from a simple batter of flour, water or milk, and often a pinch of salt, cooked in a frying pan. It is similar to the Lachmaniyos described here.

[11] Seder 2:5-6; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:2

[12] 2^nd opinion in Seder 2:6; Admur Kuntrus Achron 168:6; M”A 168:41; Tur 168

[13] Seder 2:5-6; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:3

[14] 2^nd opinion in Seder 2:6; Admur Kuntrus Achron 168:6; M”A 168:41; Tur 168

[15] Crepes are generally much thinner than pancakes. Crepes are typically paper-thin and have a delicate texture, whereas pancakes are fluffier and thicker.

[16] Seder 2:5-6; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:34

[17] Seder 2:11; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:8                 

[18] Seder 2:11; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:8

[19] Seder 2:11; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:9 footnote 23

[20] See Seder 2:7-9; Luach 8:3-12; Admur 168:7-18; Michaber 168:7-10; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:5-8; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:8-22

[21] 1^st opinion in Seder ibid; 2^nd opinion in Admur ibid; Luach ibid; Michaber ibid; Rambam Brachos 3:9

[22] The reason for this is because people do not normally set a meal over such breads.

[23] 2^nd opinion in Seder 2:7; 1^st opinion in Admur ibid; Luach ibid; Michaber ibid; Taz; Beis Yosef

[24] These breads are considered Mezonos because they are filled primarily for enjoyment, not for satiation. Therefore, we say Mezonos and Al Hamichyah.

[25] Seder 2:9

[26] See Seder 2:7-9; Luach 8:3; Admur 168:11; Michaber 168:7; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:5-8; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:8

[27] Seder 2:9

[28] Admur 168:11; Seder 2:7; Luach 8:4; Taz 168:7; Sefer Hachaim; Yad Meir 29; Daas Torah ibid; Birchas Habayis 9:17; See Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:10

Other opinions: Some Poskim rule that a simple majority non-water liquid does not suffice and rather there must be enough juice for its taste to be strongly felt in the bread. [See Rama 168:7; Taz 168:7; Aruch Hashulchan 168:24]

[29] Mishnas Sachir 41; Poskim in Kaf Hachaim 168:57; Minchas Yitzchak 9:17; Shevet Halevi 8:32; 9:44; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168 footnote 70

[30] See Seder 2:7-9; Luach 8:3; Admur 168:11; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:5; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:8

[31] In the Shulchan Aruch, Admur rules that one is to have majority of spices over water. However, the Ketzos Hashulchan concludes the main thing is that it is spicy to the point that one does not set a meal over it.

[32] Seder 2:9

[33] See Seder 2:7-9; 3:7; Luach 8:3-4; Admur 168:11; Michaber 168:7-10; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:5-6

[34] The reason: As it was baked for purposes of Taanug and not for satiation. [Admur 168:10]

[35] Seder 3:7; Luach 4:5; Admur 168:9; 212:1 and 5; Taz 168:11

[36] Seder 3:7; Luach 4:5; Admur 168:10; 212:5 in parentheses; M”A 168:15

[37] See Seder 2:7-9; 3:7; Luach 8:3-4; Admur 168:11; Michaber 168:7-10; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:7

[38] The reason: This type of food is considered Hamotzi because it is customary to set a meal with such foods.

[39] Seder 3:7; Luach 4:5; Admur 168:10; 212:5 in parentheses; M”A 168:15

[40] Seder 3:7; Luach 4:5; Admur 168:9; 212:1 and 5; Taz 168:11

[41] P”M 168 M”Z 7; See Seder 9:6-7; Luach 6:6-7; Admur 206:10; M”A 211:11; Ketzos Hashulchan 56:3;

[42] Seder 2:9; 3:4-5; Luach 4:4; Admur 168:9 and 11; Rama 168:7; Michaber 208:3; M”A 212:5; Tosafus Brachos 36bKetzos Hashulchan 48:5

[43] The reason it is Mezonos and not Shehakol: It is Mezonos as whenever flour is present in the mixture, and contributes to the taste, it is Mezonos. [Admur ibid]

[44] Seder 3:4

[45] See Admur 168:12; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:11; Ketzos Hashulchna 48 footnote 11; Footnote 116 of Rav Alyashvili on Seder 2:9

[46] Opinion brought in Admur 168:12, omitted from Seder and Luach; This applies even if they are made of majority water, and at times only water, in their liquid ingredient, and applies even if they are not spicy nor sweet being that they are eaten as snacks rather than a meal.

[47] Admur 168:12; Omitted from Seder and Luach ibid

[48] While some opinions state they are Hamotzi, as recorded in Admur ibid, in the Shulchan Aruch Admur concludes that they are Mezonos due to Safek Brachos Lihhakel, being that he also brings a dissenting opinion to this view. However, in his Siddur, Admur omitted this dissenting opinion, hence implying they are Hamotzi, and hence some are stringent as stated above. Based on this some do not eat pretzels or crackers out of a meal. See Luach of Rav Alyashvili who rules that it is Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon!

[49] See Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:12 footnote 95

[50] See Admur 168:9; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:9

[51] Luach Rav Elyashvili

[52] See Luach of Rav Alyashvili who rules that it is Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon!

[53] This is due to three reasons! As a) they are often sweet or majority not water, b) are thin batter and thin baking similar to Terisa, c) are sizzled in oil, which is always Mezonos due to Safek.

[54] As is the law regarding a Terisa, explained in Halacha 3C.

[55] Burekas (also spelled “borek” or “bourekas”) are savory pastries popular in Israel and the Middle East, originally from Turkish cuisine. Made from dough similar to puff pastry or phyllo, they’re filled with various ingredients like cheese, potatoes, spinach, or meat. Burekas are often sprinkled with sesame seeds and baked until golden and crispy.

[56] See Admur Seder 2:7; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:5 footnote 11; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:9

[57] Burekas (also spelled “borek” or “bourekas”) are savory pastries popular in Israel and the Middle East, originally from Turkish cuisine. Made from dough similar to puff pastry or phyllo, they’re filled with various ingredients like cheese, potatoes, spinach, or meat. Burekas are often sprinkled with sesame seeds and baked until golden and crispy.

[58] This is due to three reasons! As a) they are often sweet or majority not water, b) are thin batter similar to Truknin, c) are fried with a nice amount of oil, which is always Mezonos due to Safek. Thus even if the batter and baking is semi thick one is not required to eat it within a meal, as its ingredients are Pas Haba Bekisnin according to some opinions, and hence fall under a double dispute in whether the batter is Pas Haba Bekisnin and whether the final product is Lachmaniyos, and hence one can be lenient. If however the pancakes were made with only water and salt-non Pas Haba Nekisnin ingredients then if its batter is thick and is baked thick it is best to eat within meal. Otherwise say Mezonos, unless one is Koveia Seuda. If however it was fried with a large amount of oil, similar to latkes or an egg, then it is never Hamotzi even if one sets a meal over it, although its should be eaten within a meal.

[59] See Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:12 footnote 92

[60] See Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:12 footnote 92

[61] See Admur Seder 2:7-8; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:6 footnote 11; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:9

[62] See Admur Seder 2:7-8; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:6 footnote 11; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:9

[63] See Luach of Rav Alyashvili who rules that it is Hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon!

[64] See Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:12 footnote 92

[65] See Admur Seder 2:7; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:5 footnote 11; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:9

[66] See Admur Seder 2:7; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:5 footnote 11; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:9

[67] See Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:12

[68] See Admur Seder 2:7; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:5 footnote 11; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:9

[69] See Seder 2:1-4; Luach 8:1-2; Admur 168:8; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:18; Shiurei Torah 3, pp. 213-219; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:4-7

[70] Seder Netilas Yadayim Halacha 19; Seder Birchas Hanehnin 2:2; Admur 158:1

[71] See Seder 2:1-2; Admur 168:8

[72] Raavad, brought in Seder ibid, although omitted from Luach ibid and SHU”A 168

[73] Seder ibid; Only opinion brought in Admur 168:8 and Luach 8:1

[74] Seder 2:3; Luach 8:1; Admur 168:8; M”A 184:14; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:19; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:5

[75] See Seder 2:4; Luach 8:2; Admur 168:8; M”A 184:14; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:20; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:6

[76] Seder 2:4

Opinion of Admur in Shulchan Aruch and Lach: One is not to say an after blessing after the first eating and they both combine for Birchas Hamazon. [Admur 168:8; Luach 8:2]

[77] Seder 2:4

[78] Implication of Seder ibid which omits this case, and stipulates the hamotzi and Birchas Hamazon on eating four Kebeitzim; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:6 [although he misquotes the Shulchan Aruch for Siddur and mentions that Admur discusses a case of that he will not eat Kevius seuda in his second eating, which is incorrect, as Admur in the Siddur or Shulchan Aruch never mentions such a case.]

[79] Admur 168:8; Luach 8:2

[80] Admur Seder 2:11-13; SHU”A 168:17; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:8-10

[81] Admur Seder 2:12-13; SHU”A 168:18-21; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:11-12; M”B 168:55; Shevet Halevi 7:23; Piskeiy Teshuvos 168:15;

[82] Seder Birchas Hanehnin 2:12; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:9; P”M 318 M”Z 7

[83] Seder 2:11; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:8

[84] Seder 2:12; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:8-10

[85] Some say it is Hamotzi as only a small amount of oil was used and it is actual dough, hence it is similar to baking. Others however argue that frying is like cooking and the law by cooking is that the dough is always Mezonos even if one sets a meal on it. The final ruling: The main opinions follows the second opinion that frying is like cooking nevertheless one is to be Machmir to not eat an amount that would make one full unless within a meal.

[86] Seder 2:11; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:8

[87] Seder 2:11; Ketzos Hashulchan 48:9 footnote 23