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The Matzah, Maror, and four cups of wine which are consumed on this night all contain minimum measurements of consumption for one to be able to fulfill their Mitzvah. To fulfill the Biblical Mitzvah of eating Matza on the night of Pesach, and the Rabbinical Mitzvah of eating Matzah of Koreich and Afikoman, one must consume a minimum of one Kezayis of Matzah within the amount of time defined as Kdei Achilas Peras.[2] Likewise, to fulfill the Rabbinical Mitzvah of eating Maror, and Maror of Koreich, one must consume a minimum of one Kezayis of Maror within the amount of time defined as Kdei Achilas Peras.[3] Likewise, to fulfill the Rabbinical Mitzvah of drinking the four cups of wine, one must consume at least the majority of a Revius of wine within the amount of time defined as Kdei Achilas Peras [although initially one is to drink the entire cup in one gulp, as explained in Chapter 1 Halacha 4J-K]. This Halacha will analyze and define the exact measurements of a Kezayis, so one knows of the exact number of grams and milliliters of Matzah, Maror and wine that one must consume. The next Halacha will analyze and define the exact measurements of Kdei Achilas Peras so one knows within how many minutes the Kezayis of Matzah and Maror must be consumed.
- How much is a Kezayis-Background and theoretical size in Talmudic terminologies:[4]
The type of olive referred to in the term Kezayis:[5] The Kezayis which is mentioned in all Halachic literature refers to a medium and average size olive, which is not large or small. This sized olive is called an Agguri olive in Hebrew, as its oil is gathered within it.
Its size in comparison to eggs:[6] The exact measurement of the above-mentioned olive is traditionally ratioed versus the size of an egg. However, it is disputed amongst the Poskim as to the exact ratio that the above-mentioned olive has versus the measurement of an egg.[7] Some Poskim[8] rule that it has the ratio of approximately one half of an egg [without its peel[9]]. Other Poskim[10] rule that it has the ratio of slightly less than one third of an egg [with its peel[11]]. Practically, by Rabbinical commands one may be lenient, while by Biblical commands one is to be stringent, as will now be explained.[12] [Nonetheless, some Poskim[13] rule that even by Rabbinical command one is initially to be stringent. This especially applies by commands, over which a blessing is recited.[14] One who is sick and cannot eat the larger Kezayis amount may even initially be lenient and eat the lesser Kezayis amount.[15]]
The law by Maror and Matzah of Koreich/Afikoman:[16] Maror [today] is a Rabbinical command, and hence one may rely on those Poskim who hold that a Kezayis is slightly less than 1/3 of an egg. The same applies by all foods which require a Kezayis to be consumed only due to a Rabbinical injunction [i.e. Matzah for Koreich and Afikoman]. [Nonetheless, some Poskim[17] rule that even by a Rabbinical command one is initially to be stringent to consider a Kezayis as one half of an egg, as stated above. This especially applies by Maror, over which a blessing is recited.[18] Nonetheless, from the letter of the law, a blessing may be recited over a Rabbinical Mitzvah even if one eats the lesser amount.[19]]
The law by Biblical Matzah:[20] Regarding the consumption of a Kezayis of Matzah, which is a Biblical command, one is to be stringent like the first opinion, to consider a Kezayis as one half of an egg. The same applies by all foods which require a Kezayis to be consumed due to a Biblical command.
The law by an after blessing:[21] Regarding saying an after blessings such as Meiyn Shalosh, Borei Nefashos and Birchas Hamazon, after consuming a Kezayis of food/bread, one is to be stringent to not say an after blessing until he eats the measurement equal to half of an egg.[22] Likewise, initially one is to beware not to enter himself into a doubt of a Safek Bracha, and he is thus not to consume the above questionable amount[23], and is either to eat approximately a measurement equal to half of an egg, or much less than one third of an egg, by all foods that one is not required to eat a Kezayis of them.
The law by Biur Chametz:[24] Regarding Biur Chameitz, one is to be stringent like the smaller measurement [to consider Chametz to contain a Kezayis and require destruction if it is 1/3 of an egg size.[25] However, one is to only burn Chametz on Yom Tov if one did not do Bittul, if it is greater than a half an egg size of Chametz, and one is to only say a blessing upon destroying it if it is the size of half an egg, if he did do Bittul]. The same applies regarding any matter in which the larger amount is a leniency and the smaller amount is a stringency, that one is to be stringent like the smaller amount.
Above it was determined that there exist two theoretical sizes of a Kezayis, one being 1/3 of an egg and the second being ½ of an egg, and that by Biblical commands we use the stringent measurement while by Rabbinical commands one may use the lenient measurement. The difficulty in practically determining the exact amount of gram or volume measurements that this translates into is twofold: 1) It requires one to determine the volume/weight of an egg, for which the 1/3 or ½ Kezayis ratio can then be derived from. Indeed, the practical volume/weight of an egg is debated amongst the Poskim, as will be explained. 2) Another issue present is regarding the form of measurement, whether we measure versus the weight of an egg/Kezayis or versus its volume size. If we measure versus the volume size, then even a food which is lighter than an egg/olive will still contain an equal volume size in determining its Kezayis measurement. Likewise, even a food which is heavier than an egg or olive, will still contain an equal volume in determining its Kezayis measurement. However, if we follow the weight, then a food which is lighter than an egg/olive will require a greater volume. Likewise, a food which is heavier than an egg or olive, will require a smaller volume. Thus, the determination of whether we follow the weight or volume of the gg/olive is crucial for determining the exact amount of a Kezayis. We will now address both of these issues, beginning with the second issue of volume versus weight.
Following volume not weight:[26] All the Torah measurements are measured in volume and not weight. [Nevertheless, due to the difficulty in determining the volume of an item, therefore for simplicity purposes, we practically measure in weight.[27] Nonetheless, this weight must be commensurate to its Halachic Kezayis volume. Thus, a food which is lighter than water [of which its weight and volume is equal], and thus floats on it, will require a lesser weight in its Kezayis then a Kezayis of water. For example, if a Kezayis equals 26cc, which is equal to 26 grams of water, then a food which floats on water will need less than 26 grams for its Kezayis, and within less than 26 grams of weight it already contains a volume of 26cc. On the other hand, a food which weighs more than water, and hence sinks in it, will require a greater weight in its Kezayis, and thus will need more than 26 grams for it to attain its 26cc.[28]]
What is the volume/weight of a Kebeitza: There exists a major debate amongst the Poskim[29] in regards to the volume size of the Kebeitza, which in turn has created a consequential debate regarding the volume size of a Kezayis. Some Poskim[30] rule that the Kebeitza egg referred to by the Talmud was of a larger size than we have available today, and hence its volume is 100cc. This approach is formally known as Shiur Chazon Ish. Other Poskim[31], however, rule that no change has occurred within the egg sizes from the times of the Talmud, and hence the volume of an egg [without its peel[32]] equals 54cc. This approach is formally known as Shiur Avraham Chaim Naah. Practically, the widespread custom of world Jewry, Ashkenazim and Sephardim, is like the latter approach, and hence a Kebeitza is measured as 54cc.[33] This is equal to 54 grams of water, and hence for simplicity purposes, rather than measuring the volume of the food to make sure it contains 54cc one can simply weigh it to see that it contains 54 grams [unless the food weighs more than water in which case its Kebeitza weight would be more than 54 grams, while if it weighs less than water, then its Kebeitza weight would be less than 54 grams, as explained above]. Nonetheless, there are some Jews of Lithuanian Jewry who are stringent like the former approach and measure the Kebeitza as 100cc/grams. This especially applies by a Biblical Mitzvah.[34] We will now discuss the practical volume/weight of a Kezayis.
What is the volume and weight of a Kezayis: Above it was determined that the volume of a Kebeitza is 52cc, which is equal to 52 grams of water, and that the size of a Kezayis is measured as ½ of a Kebeitza regarding all Biblical Mitzvos, and as 1/3 of a Kibeitza regarding all Rabbinical Mitzvos. Thus, practically, the size of a Rabbinical Kezayis is 17.3cc, which is equal to 17.3 grams of water, while the size of a Biblical Kezayis is 26cc grams [lit. 25.6cc], which is equal to 26 grams of water.[35] Thus, for simplicity purposes, rather than measuring the volume of the food to make sure it contains 17 or 26cc one can simply weigh it to see that it contains 17 or 26 grams [unless the food weighs more than water in which case its Kezayis weight would be more than 17/26 grams, while if it weighs less than water, then its Kezayis weight would be less than 17/26 grams, as explained above], and so is the custom.[36] The following is the practical application of the above Shiurim of a Kezayis for the Matzah and Maror foods eaten by the Seder:
Eating a slightly larger volume/weight than the technical Kezayis/Kebeitza size:[37] In all cases that one is required to eat a minimum measurement of Kezayis or Kebeitza one is to eat slightly more than the exact Shiur, as the food that gets stuck in the teeth and is not swallowed does not count towards it.
Matzah for Biblical Mitzvah of Motzi Matzah: One is required to eat slightly more[38] than 26cc of Matzah in order to fulfill the Biblical Mitzvah of eating a Kezayis of Matzah on the night of Pesach.[39] In weight: Some Poskim[40] rule that the above volume amounts to 28.8 grams of Matzah, and so is the custom. However, a more thorough measurement of the amount of crushed Matzah that can fit in a 30cc volume cup, reaches only 20 grams, thus making a Kezayis only 17 grams.[41] Thus, while it is initially accustomed to eat close to thirty grams of Matzah for the Biblical Kezayis, one may be lenient with 20 grams[42] if he so chooses. One who is sick and cannot eat the larger Kezayis of 26cc may even initially be lenient and eat the lesser Kezayis amount of 17.6cc, which equals between 9-17 grams of Matzah, as explained next.[43] A blessing may be recited even in such a case.[44]] In Matzah size: A Kezayis of 28.8 grams is equal to approximately ¾ of a machine Matzah and about ½ of a handmade Matzah [if there are 17 Matzah’s in a Kilo].[45]
Matzah for Koreich, Afikoman, and second Kezayis of Motzi Matzah: One is required to eat slightly more[46] than 17.3cc of Matzah in order to fulfill the Rabbinical Mitzvah of eating a Kezayis of Matzah for Koreich and Afikoman, and for eating a second Kezayis by Motzi Matzah.[47] In weight: Based on the thorough measurement of the amount of crushed Matzah that can fit in a 17.3cc volume cup, this amounts to between 9-11 grams of Matzah.[48] Nonetheless, some Poskim[49] rule that one is to initially try to eat the Biblical Shiur of Matzah, which is 28.8 grams of Matzah, as explained above. If this is difficult, then one may even initially eat 19.3 grams of Matzah within 4 minutes.[50] If even this is too difficult, then one may take 17 grams[51], or even less, up until 9 grams of Matzah, as stated above. Some[52] rule that one may even initially take only 17 grams of Matzah. In a case of illness, and the like, one may certainly take the smallest Shiur that is valid.[53] In Matzah size: A Kezayis of 19.3 grams is equal to approximately 2/3 of a machine Matzah and about 1/3 of a handmade Matzah [if there are 17 Matzah’s in a Kilo].[54]
Maror for Maror and Koreich: One is required to eat slightly more[55] than 17cc of Maror in order to fulfill the Rabbinical Mitzvah of eating a Kezayis of Maror on the night of Pesach.[56] In weight: One is to eat slightly more[57] than 17.3 grams of Maror, which is approximately 21.2 grams for a Kezayis of stalks, or 19.3 grams for a Kezayis of leaves.[58] However, some Poskim[59] rule that one is to initially try to eat 28.8 grams of Maror within 4 minutes. If this is difficult, then one may even initially eat 20 grams of Maror within 4 minutes.[60] If even this is too difficult, then one may take 17.3 grams.[61] Furthermore, some[62] rule that one may even initially take only 17 grams worth of leaves. Both the lettuce leaves and horseradish combine to make up this amount and hence one needs to only take a combined amount of 29/21 grams of leaves together with horseradish.[63] In leaves: A Kezayis of 19.3 grams is equal to approximately one large leaf or two medium leaves of lettuce.[64]
Less than a Kezayis for Karpas: One is to eat less than a Kezayis of the Karpas vegetable, as explained in chapter 4 Halacha 5. In this regard, we consider a Kezayis to be approximately between 14.4-17.3 grams for all vegetables that are denser then water and hence sink in water, such as a potato.[65] However, an onion is lighter than water and hence a Kezayis is slightly less than 14.4-17.6 grams. Thus, one is to eat considerably less than 14 grams of onion, in order to avoid a doubt of eating a Kezayis.[66]
Measuring in volume-How:[67] One who desires to eat the volume measurements of the above Shiurim versus the weight, needs to exclude from the measurement any empty space that is found within the volume of the Matzah or Maror. For example, one needs to beware when he measures the Kezayis volume of the vegetables used for his obligation of Maror, to press down the air that is between the leaves of the vegetables, thus making sure to have a complete Kezayis volume of only vegetables, excluding any of the air in-between.[68] Likewise, one needs to beware when he measures the Kezayis volume of Matzah, to not include any air pockets in this measurement, and such air pockets must therefore be pressed down.[69] However, if there is no air pockets in the Matzah, then it does not need to be pressed down even if it is soft and made like a sponge. [However, certainly if there is more than one piece of Matzah in the measurement then one must exclude the air between the pieces through pressing them down on each other, and thus by hard Matzah that we are accustomed to eat today, the only method to accomplish this is by crushing it to crumbs. Now, a typical matchbox contains around 30cc of volume. Thus, a practical way of measuring the volume of a Kezayis of Matzah is to pack the matchbox with crushed Matzah until it is full to capacity and this ends up being a Biblical Kezayis. This method should be used for the old or sick who cannot consume the larger Shiurim typically eaten when following weight.]
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Q&A May one measure the above Shiurim on Yom Tov? One may not measure the above Shiurim of weight or volume for Matzah, Maror, or the four cups of wine, on Yom Tov itself.[70] Thus, one is to measure the amounts before Yom Tov begins.[71] If one did not do so, then one is to eat a lot of Matzah and Maror to the point he is certain that he ate Keshiur.[72] Nonetheless, some are lenient to allow measuring on Yom Tov itself.[73] If it was not possible to measure the amounts before Yom Tov, such as his Matzos or wine only arrived on the night of the Seder, then seemingly it may be measured on Yom Tov according to all.[74] How many Maror leaves must be taken for Maror/Koreich? One is only required to take 17 grams worth of leaves, which is approximately one large leaf or two medium leaves. However, some rule that initially one is to take 28.8 grams worth of leaves, as stated above. Do the leaves and horseradish both combine for the above measurement of 17 grams, or is one to take 17 grams of each? One needs to only take a combined amount of 17 grams of leaves together with horseradish, as stated above. |
Cup holds at least a Revius of wine: Each one of the four cups of wine must hold at least a Revius of wine. See Chapter 1 Halacha 4F for the full details of this subject!
How much is a Revius? The cup is to contain at least 86 milliliters of wine, and so is the widespread custom, although some are stringent for it to contain 100, or 115, or 150 milliliters. In all cases, the cup is to be filled until its very top, and have some wine slightly overflow from its edges. See Chapter 1 Halacha 4F for the full details of this subject!
How much to drink: Initially one is to drink the entire cup of wine, or at the very least majority of the cup of wine, irrelevant of how much wine the cup contains. For this reason, one should use a small cup of a Revius in size in order to drink the entire cup. If, however, the cup is larger than a Revius and one is unable to drink the entire cup, or majority of the cup, then it suffices for him to drink majority of a Revius, which is the amount of Malei Lugmav. However, for the fourth cup, one is to always drink an entire Revius. See Chapter 1 Halacha 4J for the full details of this subject!
[1] See Admur 486:1-2; Kaf Hachaim 486:1-3; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1-3
[2] Admur 475:32 “Once a Kezayis has been eaten, one fulfills his Biblical obligation.”; Admur 475:8 “Bedieved…even if the Kezayis of Matzah was eaten a little at a time, in many sessions, so long as the time of Achilas Peras, which is three Beitzim, did not pass from the start of the first eating and the end of the last eating, then he is Yotzei.”; Admur 475:5 “One does not fulfill his obligation with less than a Kezayis”; See Admur 475:15-17; 477:3 regarding Koreich and Afikoman; Michaber 475:6-7; Rambam 6:1; Pesachim Pesachim 40a; 108a; 114b; 119b; M”A 475:4 and 15 in name of Maharil Seder Haggadah; Chok Yaakov 475:22; Elya Raba 475:11; Peri Chadash 475; Birkeiy Yosef 475:5; Shulchan Gavoa 475:29; M”B 475:42; Kaf Hachaim 475:68; 87; See Brachos 37b
The source: As all eating Mitzvos in the Torah contain a minimum measurement of a Kezayis. [Shvus Yaakov 2:18; See Admur 473:15 “Less than a Kezayis is not considered eating”; Bach 475; Brachos 49b]
[3] Admur 473:29; 31; 475:11; 14; 21 [regarding Koreich]; 22; 486:2; 475:32; Kesav Sofer 86; Kaf Hachaim 473:89
[4] Admur 486:1-2
[5] Admur 486:1; Rambam Machalos Assuros 14a; Brachos 39a; Mishneh Keilim 17:8
[6] Admur 486:1; See Tzemach Tzedek 69 and 209; Shiureiy Torah p. 129 and 193; Yechaveh Daas 1:16
[7] The source of this dispute is based on a similar dispute in the laws of Eiruvin, with regards to how much is the amount of “two meals” that one needs to place for Eiruv Chatzeiros, as will be explained in the footnotes below
[8] 1st opinion in Admur ibid and 2nd opinion in Admur 368:3; Michaber 486:1 in name of Yeish Omrim and 2nd opinion in Michaber 368:3; Darkei Moshe 475:1; Terumas Hadeshen 139; Drashos Maharil Seder Haggadah p. 11; Maryu 123; Tosafus Eiruvin 80b; Yuma 80a; Chulin 103b; Piskei Tosafus Chulin 272; Mordechai Perek Arvei Pesachim Seder Shel Pesach 38; Rashi Eiruvin 4a; Tur 409; Pesakim Ukesavim 26
The source from Eiruv Chatzeiros: The measurement of two meals for Eiruv Chatzeiros is 18 Gerogeros. [Admur 368:3; Michaber 368:1; Rav Yehuda in name of Shmuel Eiruvin 81b] Now, some Poskim rule that this amount calculates to 8 eggs, [2nd opinion in Michaber 368:3 and Admur 368:3; Rashi Eiruvin 4a; Tur 409] or slightly more than 18 half eggs [Admur 486:1; Tosafus Eiruvin and Yuma ibid; See Bach 409] This proves that according to these Poskim, a Gerogeres is 1/2 of an egg. Now, being that an olive is a smaller measurement than a Gerogeres [See Shabbos 91a], therefore we can conclude that a Kezayis is less than even 1/3 of an egg. [See Admur ibid]
[9] Shiureiy Torah 3:12; Chazon Ish 39:17
Other opinions: Some Poskim rule that the half Beitza is measured with its peel. [M”B 486]
[10] 2nd opinion in Admur ibid and 1st opinion in Admur 368:3; 1st opinion in Michaber 368:3; Rambam Eiruvin 1:9 as learns Peri Chadash
The source from Eiruv Chatzeiros: The measurement of two meals for Eiruv Chatzeiros is 18 Gerogeros. [Admur 368:3; Michaber 368:1; Rav Yehuda in name of Shmuel Eiruvin 81b] Now, some Poskim rule that this amount calculates to 6 eggs. [Rambam ibid; 1st opinion in Michaber 368:3 and Admur 368:3] This proves that according to these Poskim, a Gerogeres is 1/3 of an egg. Now, being that an olive is a smaller measurement than a Gerogeres [See Shabbos 91a], therefore we can conclude that a Kezayis is less than even 1/3 of an egg. [Admur ibid]
Other opinions who rule it is even less than a 1/3 of a Kebeitza: Some Poskim rule that the Kezayis is much less than 1/3 of a Beitza. [Rashi and Geonim in Shaareiy Teshuvah, brought in Shiureiy Torah 3 footnote 30] Others rule it is less than ¼ of a Beitza. [Rashba, brought in Shiureiy Torah 3 footnote 29-30]
[11] Shiureiy Torah 3:12
[12] Admur ibid; M”B 486:1; See Kaf Hachaim 486:1; See Shiureiy Torah 2 and 3 footnote 30 that the main opinion is like the Rambam
The reason: As it is ruled in 368 and 409 that the main opinion regarding Eiruv Chatzeiros and Eiruv Techumin follow those who rule that we do not need more than 6 eggs worth of food for the two meals, thus concluding that a Kebeitza is 1/3 of an egg. Now, the reason for this ruling by Eiruvin is because an Eiruv is Rabbinical, and we rule leniently by a Rabbinical matter. However, by Biblical matters one is to be stringent. [Admur ibid]
Other opinions: Some Poskim rule that one is to always be stringent to consider a Kezayis as ½ of an egg, even regarding a Rabbinical Mitzvah. [Implication of Michaber 486:1; Kisei Eliyahu 486:1; P”M 486 A”A; Kaf Hachaim 486:1]
[13] Shiureiy Torah 3:13 footnote 30 that so applies even according to Admur ibid, as proven from Admur 160:13 that we don’t initially enter ourselves into a Rabbinical doubt; Implication of Michaber 486:1; Kisei Eliyahu 486:1; P”M 486 A”A; Kaf Hachaim 486:1
Other opinions: Some rule that one may even initially take 1/3 of a Kebeitza for Rabbinical commands. [Simple implication of Admur ibid; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:2; Shevach Hamoadim in name of Rav Dworkin; Rav Emanuel Shochat in his introduction to the English Rebbes Hagada; Pamphlet “Pesach Chassidi”]
[14] M”B 486:1; Kaf Hachaim ibid in explanation of Admur ibid; See Shiureiy Torah 3 footnote 30
The reason: As Admur ibid rules that by blessings we follow the rule of Safek Brachos Lihakel and thus we always follow the larger Shiur. Now, since a blessing of Al Achilas Maror is recited over the Maror, one must conclude that Admur’s ruling above is limited to a case of Bedieved, that if he only ate 1/3 of an egg, or is unable to eat more than 1/3 of an egg, that he is Yotzei, however, Lechatchila, he must eat ½ of an egg of Maror in order to be allowed to recite the blessing over it.
[15] M”B 486:1 in name of Chayeh Adam; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1
[16] Admur 486:1
[17] Shiureiy Torah 3:13 footnote 30
[18] M”B 486:1; Kaf Hachaim ibid in explanation of Admur ibid; See Shiureiy Torah 3 footnote 30
The reason: As Admur ibid rules that by blessings we follow the rule of Safek Brachos Lihakel and thus we always follow the larger Shiur. Now, since a blessing of Al Achilas Maror is recited over the Maror, one must conclude that Admur’s ruling above is limited to a case of Bedieved, that if he only ate 1/3 of an egg, or is unable to eat more than 1/3 of an egg, that he is Yotzei, however, Lechatchila, he must eat ½ of an egg of Maror in order to be allowed to recite the blessing over it.
[19] Shiureiy Torah 3 footnote 30 as proven from the fact a blessing is recited over Eiruv Tavshilin even though we rule that one may take 1/3 of an egg even initially; This is unlike the implication of M”B and Kaf Hachaim ibid who imply a blessing may not be recited in such a case
[20] Admur 486:1; M”B 486:1; Kaf Hachaim 486:1
[21] Admur 486:1; P”M 486; M”B 486:1; Kaf Hachaim 486:1; Shiureiy Torah 3:12; Shaareiy Rachamim in Minahgei Hagr”a
[22] The reason: As by blessings we follow the rule of “Safek Brachos Lihakel.” [Admur ibid]
[23] One should not eat between 1/3 and a ½ of an eggs size in order not to enter himself into doubt.
[24] Admur 486:1; Implication of Michaber 486:1; Kisei Eliyahu 486:1; P”M 486 A”A; Kaf Hachaim 486:1
[25] And thus even if dirty or stuck on wall/vessel it is to be burned
[26] Admur 486:2; Rama 486:1; M”A 486:1; Maharil Seder Haggadah p. 111; Sefer Ohel Moed Hilchos Yom Kippur; Mishneh Uktzin 2:8; Rambam Pirush Hamishnayos Eidiyos 1:2; So rule regarding Issur Viheter: Peri Chadash Y.D. 99:6; Peri Toar 99:4; M”B 486:3; Kaf Hachaim Y.D. 98:5 [that one who measures by weight is feeding Treifos to the Jewish people]; Shiurei Torah Siman Alef “It is known and public knowledge from all the Poskim Rishonim and Achronim, that all the measurements of Revius, Kezayis, Kivbeitza, are to be measured in volume and not weight” and in footnote 1 “There are many proofs for this, and I have written all this in length to negate the opinion of the Kaf Hachaim 168:46 that we measure in weight and not volume, as in truth we only measure in weight those foods that had already had their volumes measured and then weighed.”; [However, see Shiureiy Torah p. 184 who writes to measure Matzah by weight; Rav SZ”A says that Rav A”C Naah actually told him to measure by volume, unlike what he wrote above to follow weight. See Seder Hearuch 79 footnote 32]; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1; Rav Yaakov Yosef z”l ruled to follow volume and completely negated the following of weight, thus disputing his fathers, and brothers positions.
Other opinions: Some Poskim rule that the all Torah measurements are to be measured in weight and not volume. [Maggid Mishneh Eiruvin 1:12 in name of Teshuvos Hageonim; Pesach Hadvir 130, 190 in name of a number of Poskim, brought in Shiureiy Torah 3:8 footnote 18 and Kaf Hachaim 168:46; Beis David; Mateh Yehuda 168:1; Chida; Vhemdas Yamim; Kaf Hachaim 168:46; 486:1 and 3; See Chazon Ovadia Pesach Hilchos Leil Haseder p. 42 and 73; Rav Yitzchak Yosef Shlita that his father held to always follow weight and that so he asked of him to tell the public in his Shabbos Hagadol Drashos, thus negating his brothers position to follow volume]
[27] Kaf Hachaim 168:46; 486:1 and 3 that so is the widespread custom of Jewry, and all Rabbanim, to measure in weight in order to be Yotzei according to all; Shiureiy Torah 1:1 brings that the Rambam measured a number of items in weight and that from this we can learn regarding other items to measure in weight; Shiureiy Torah 3:8 footnote 18 and page 184 writes to measure the Matzah and bread in weight, and practically gives weight measurements for all his Shiurim, after having compared them with their volume size; Chazon Ovadia Pesach Hilchos Leil Haseder p. 42 and 73; Rav Yitzchak Yosef Shlita that so was the custom of Sephardic Jewry for all generations and that his father held to always follow weight and that so he asked of him to tell the public in his Shabbos Hagadol Drashos, thus negating his brothers position to follow volume
[28] See Shiureiy Torah 3:12-13 and p. 184; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486 footnote 3
[29] See M”B 486:1; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1
[30] Opinion brought in M”B 271:68; 486:1 and Biur Halacha 271:13 “Shel Revius” [M”B 486:1 concludes to be stringent by a Biblical Mitzvah] ; Nodah Beyehuda Tzelach Pesachim 116a; Chasam Sofer O.C. 97 and 127; Maaseh Rav 74 and 105; Rav Chaim Volozhin in Shaareiy Rachamim 165; Ashel Avraham Butchach 272; Aruch Hashulchan 168:13 that so is custom
[31] Shiureiy Torah 3:9 it is 53.8cc if the egg is measured without the peel and 3:7 that it is 57.6cc if the egg is measured with the peel; Kaf Hachaim 81:3; 168:46; 486:1; The following Poskim rule that the Kibeitza is 18 Dirham, and each Dirham is equal to between 2.7-3.2 grams, thus totaling approximately 55 grams: Rambam
Other opinions: Some Poskim rule that the Beitza is 44 grams with the peel and 33 grams without the peel. [Mahariv brought in Shiureiy Torah 1:21; 3 footnote 30]
[32] This follows the ruling of the Shiureiy Torah ibid and the Chazon Ish 39:17 that the egg is measured with its peel, however the M”B 486 rules that it is measured with its peel. [See Midos Vishiurei Torah 15:16]
[33] Kaf Hachaim 486:1 that so is custom
[34] M”B 486:1 concludes to be stringent by a Biblical Mitzvah
[35] Shiurei Torah 3:12-13; Kaf Hachaim 168:46; 486:1 in name of Rambam and others that it equals 9 Dirham which is equal to 2.7-3.2 grams, thus totaling approximately 27 grams; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1 in name of Midos Vishiureiy Torah writes 27 grams
Shiur Chazon Ish: According to the Chazon Ish, the Biblical Shiur Kezayis is between 45-50cc [depending on whether we measure with the shell of the egg, as stated above] while the Rabbinical Shiur Kezayis is 33cc
Other opinions: Some Poskim rule that the Biblical Kezayis is 15 grams. [Custom of many in Ashkenaz prior to ruling of Tzelach, based on Mahariv, brought in Shiureiy Torah 1:21; 3 footnote 30]
[36] Kaf Hachaim 168:46; 486:1
[37] See Shiureiy Torah 3:12-13 footnote 26 based on Chulin 103 that by all Issurin, the food stuck in the teeth is not included; Minchas Chinuch Mitzvah 6 and 10; Matzos Mitzvah 12:23; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1; Heard from Rav Yitzchak Yosef in name of his father Rav Ovadia Yosef
Food stuck on gums: Does join the Shiur Kezayis/Kebeitza. [Chasam Sofer 127; Kesav Sofer 96]
Other opinions: Some Poskim rule that food stuck in between the teeth does join the Kezayis. [See Maharam Shick 250 that the benefit of the mouth joins the Shiur]
[38] As some of the Matzah gets stuck in between one’s teeth and is not swallowed, and some of it crumbles away, and hence one would need to eat slightly more than 26cc to guarantee that he swallows 26cc of Matzah; See Shiureiy Torah 3:12; Heard from Rav Yitzchak Yosef in name of his father Rav Ovadia Yosef
[39] Shiurei Torah 3:12
Shiur Chazon Ish: According to the Chazon Ish, the Biblical Shiur Kezayis is between 45-50cc [depending on whether we measure with the shell of the egg, as stated above]
[40] Shiurei Torah 3:13 [See there p. 184 and 191 that the difference in weight between bread and water is miniscule and Matzah is no different than bread, and hence we measure its weight as 25.6 grams just like water and add another 3 grams for the crumbs that get stuck in between the teeth. This totals 9 Dirham of weight as writes the Kaf Hachaim next; Vetzaruch Iyun, as explained next, that Matzah is lighter than water and hence in no way can its weight be similar to water and rather is a lot less.]; Kaf Hachaim 486:1 that it equals 9 Dirham which is equal to 2.7-3.2 grams, thus totaling approximately 27 grams; Moadim Uzmanim 3:265 and 7:172 writes to take 30 grams; Midos Veshiureiy Torah 17:2 that between 25-27.5 grams is the measurement according to the Shiur Chazon Ish of 50cc [see next]; Conclusion of Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1 to take 27.5 grams to suspect for Chazon Ish
Shiur Chazon Ish: According to the Chazon Ish, some say the Biblical Shiur Kezayis in weight is between 25-27.5 grams. [Midos Veshiureiy Torah 17:2; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1] Others say it is 16-22 grams, which is around ½ to 2/3 of a machine Matzah. [Shiureiy Torah of the Steipler, brought in Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid footnote 6] Others say its 30 grams. [Moadim Uzmanim 3:265 and 7:172] Others say its 50 grams, as we always follow the weight. [Haggadah Yalkut Pirushim Vihagados]
[41] Heard from Rav Eli Landau Shlita based on his personal measurement; Midos Veshiureiy Torah 17:2 that between 13.5-15 grams is a Kezayis according to the Shiur of 26cc [see there that he measured using the most advanced instruments and concluded that Matzah is about half the weight of water, and hence in already 13.5-15 grams of Matzah one has 26cc of water; He writes that he did not find a significant difference between hand made Matzah versus machine made]; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1; Koveitz Beis Ahron Viyisrael 51:86; See also Shiureiy Torah in footnote 18 who writes that he managed to enter 20 grams of crushed Matzah in a 35 cc cup which would make a Kezayis be only 17 grams; See Chazon Ish 39:17 that it is difficult to measure the Kezayis volume of Matzah into weight being that every Matzah is different, some being lighter and dryer which require a lesser amount for a Kezayis in weight, and others being heavier, with greater moisture, that require a greater size of Kezayis in weight.
The reason: In truth Matzah is lighter than water and hence its Kezayis weight is not equivalent to 26cc of water, but rather to 19cc of water.
[42] This takes into account the Matzah that gets stuck in between the teeth and is not consumed
[43] M”B 486:1 in name of Chayeh Adam; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1
[44] See Shiureiy Torah 3 footnote 30 unlike the implication of M”B and Kaf Hachaim 486:1 who imply a blessing may not be recited in such a case
[45] See Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1
[46] As some of the Matzah gets stuck in between one’s teeth and is not swallowed, and hence one would need to eat slightly more than 26cc to guarantee that he swallows 26cc of Matzah
[47] See Shiurei Torah 3:13; See Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1 regarding the second Kezayis for Motzi Matzah
Shiur Chazon Ish: According to the Chazon Ish, one is required to eat 33cc of Matzah. See M”B 486:1 that by Rabbinical commands one may be lenient like the opinions of 17.3cc, and so concludes Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1
[48] As if there is 20 grams of Matzah in 30cc than 17cc would contain almost half of that amount, between 11-12 grams; See Midos Veshiureiy Torah 17:2 and Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1 and 3 footnote 7 that this amounts to between 7-9 grams according to Shiur Grach Naah!
Shiur Chazon Ish: According to the Chazon Ish, 17 grams of Matzah is equal to 33cc.
[49] Shiureiy Torah 3:13; Implication of Michaber 486:1; Kisei Eliyahu 486:1; P”M 486 A”A; Kaf Hachaim 486:1
[50] Shiureiy Torah ibid regarding Maror [This includes a few grams for the Matzah that gets stuck between the teeth]
[51] Siddur Pesach Kehilchaso 2:141 that so ruled Chazon Ish; Piskeiy Teshuvos 473:19
[52] Simple implication of Admur ibid that by Rabbinical Mitzvos one follows the lenient opinion; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:2; So rules Shevach Hamoadim in name of Rav Dworkin that this amount may even be taken initially; So rules also Rav Emanuel Shochat in his introduction to the English Rebbes Hagada; So writes the pamphlet “Pesach Chassidi”
[53] M”B 486
[54] See Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:1
[55] As some of the Maror gets stuck in between one’s teeth and is not swallowed, and hence one would need to eat slightly more than 26cc to guarantee that he swallows 26cc of Matzah
[56] Shiur Chazon Ish: According to the Chazon Ish, the Shiur Kezayis is 33cc
[57] As the stalk of the Maror is heavier than water and some of the Maror gets stuck in between one’s teeth and is not swallowed, and hence one would need to eat slightly more than 17cc to guarantee that he swallows 17cc of Matzah. [Shiureiy Torah 3:13; See Midos Veshiureiy Torah 17:5; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:2 footnote 18]
[58] Shiureiy Torah 3:13
Shiur Chazon Ish: According to the Chazon Ish, the Shiur Kezayis is 33 grams
[59] Shiureiy Torah 3:13; M”B 486:1; Kaf Hachaim ibid in explanation of Admur ibid; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:2
Shiur Chazon Ish: According to the Chazon Ish, this Shiur Kezayis is between 45-50 grams [depending on whether we measure with the shell of the egg, as stated above] See Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:2
[60] Shiureiy Torah ibid
[61] Siddur Pesach Kehilchaso 2:141 and 9 footnote 61 that so ruled Chazon Ish and so was his personal custom to take 17 grams for Maror; Piskeiy Teshuvos 473:19; 486:2-3
[62] Simple implication of Admur ibid that by Rabbinical Mitzvos one follows the lenient opinion; Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:2 in his understanding of Admur; So rules Shevach Hamoadim in name of Rav Dworkin that this amount may even be taken initially; So rules also Rav Emanuel Shochat in his introduction to the English Rebbes Hagada; So writes the pamphlet “Pesach Chassidi”
[63] Admur 473:28; Michaber 473:5; Mishneh Pesachim 39a; Ran Pesachim ibid; Kaf Hachaim 473:86; So rules Shevach Hamoadim, Rav Shuchat in English Hagada, “Pesach Chassid” and other Hagaddas; See Halacha E above!
[64] So I have weighed and so rules in the pamphlet “Pesach Chassidi”; See also Piskeiy Teshuvos 486:2 footnote 19
[65] See Admur 486:1 that regarding an after blessing one is initially to be stringent like the opinion that a Kezayis is slightly less than 1/3 of an egg; See Shiureiy Torah 3:12-13 p. 194 that this equals to 14.4.-17.3 grams
[66] See Admur 486:1 that in order to avoid the dispute one is to eat “much less” than a 1/3 of an egg. Thus, perhaps one should eat not more than 10 grams of onion, in order so one does not come close to the 1/3 of an egg volume for an onion.
[67] Admur 486:2
[68] Admur ibid; Rama 486:1; Maharil Seder Haggadah p. 111; Kaf Hachaim 475:21
[69] Admur ibid; M”A 486:1; Chok Yosef 486:3; Kaf Hachaim 486:3; See Mishneh Uktzin 2:8; M”B 210:1 in contradiction of M”B 486:3 [see Moadim Uzmanim 7:235]
[70] Admur 456:9; 506:1 [based on Michaber 506:1; Shmuel Beitza 29a] that this applies even when measuring for the sake of a Mitzvah, if one could have measured it before Yom Tov; Kaf Hachaim 486:3; See Kinyan Torah 5:22; The following Poskim rule that one is not to Lechatchila measure on Yom Tov, and it is hence to be done before Yom Tov: M”B 618:21 in name of Achronim; Piskeiy Teshuvos 306:25
The reason: As one is able to measure them before Yom Tov. [Admur 506:1]
Other rulings of Admur: Admur 306:18 and 308:88 rules that it is permitted to measure for the sake of a Mitzvah, seemingly contradicting the above rulings of Admur ibid. In truth, however, one can answer that the two rulings refer to different cases, as only if one could not have done the measuring before Yom Tov is it permitted to measure on Yom Tov, and that is the ruling in 306:18, while the other rulings refer to a case that one could have measured before Yom Tov, as explicitly stated by Admur in 506:1.
Other opinions: Some Poskim rule it is permitted to measure on Shabbos and Yom Tov for the sake of a Mitzvah, such as to measure the Shiur for Matzos, Maror and the four cups. [Simple implication of Michaber 306:7 and Admur 306:18 and 308:88; Implication of M”A 308:78; Rav SZ”A in SSH”K 29 footnote 103; Piskeiy Teshuvos 306:25; 506:2; Or Letziyon 2:25-2; Yechaveh Daas 1:16] Nonetheless, even they agree that initially one is to measure before Yom Tov. [M”B 618:21 in name of Achronim; Piskeiy Teshuvos 306:25] Some Poskim limit the above allowance and rule that one may only measure in volume and not weight. [Kaf Hachaim 306:63; Kinyan Torah 5:22; See Piskeiy Teshuvos 306:25; 506:2] Other Poskim, however, are lenient even regarding measuring in weight. [Pesach Hadvir, brought in Kaf Hachaim ibid; Rav SZ”A ibid; Or Letziyon ibid; Yechaveh Daas ibid] Rav Oavdia Yosef was accustomed to weigh a few of the Matzos on the night of Pesach on a mechanical scale, and to then distribute the rest of them according to estimation. [Heard from his son Rav Yitzchak Yosef Shlita]
[71] Kaf Hachaim 486:3; 618:37, 45; M”B 618:21 in name of Achronim; Piskeiy Teshuvos 306:25
[72] Kaf Hachaim 486:3
[73] See other opinions in previous footnotes!
[74] As rules Admur 306:18 and 308:88
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