Chapter 9: After Tisha B’av

1. Shabbos Nachamu:[1]

Shabbos Nachamu is the first Shabbos after Tisha B’av. It is called by this name after the Haftorah of this Shabbos, which is “Nachamu Nachamu Ami.” It is the first Haftorah of the series of seven Haftorahs of comfort.[2]

A. Haircuts:[3]

Some write that it is a proper custom to get a haircut on Erev Shabbos Nachamu.

B. Celebratory Shabbos meal:[4]

Some write that it is proper for one to hold an extra special celebratory meal on Shabbos Nachamu, which is greater than done on a normal Shabbos.

C. Shnayim Mikra:

Is one to read the Pasuk of Shema Yisrael twice?[5] The verse Shema Yisrael is to be read twice as is the law by all Pesukim. However, some Poskim[6] rule one is not to read the Pasuk twice in a row, and is rather to read a few more Pesukim in between. The custom is unlike this opinion.

Is one required to wear Tefillin when reading Shema in Shnayim Mikra and the like? No. The above obligation only applies when one is reciting Shema for the purpose of fulfilling his obligation. If, however, he is simply reciting it to read from the Torah, there is no obligation to wear Tefillin.[7] However, some[8] were stringent even in such a case.

D. Kerias Hatorah:

Parshas Vaeschanon:[9] The Parsha of Vaeschanon is always read the Shabbos after Tisha Beav [which makes it that the Parsha of Devarim is always read the Shabbos before Tisha Beav].

Aseres Hadibros:[10] One is not to stop in the middle of the reading of the Aseres Hadibros in Parshas Yisro and Vaeschanon.

Standing during Aseres Hadibros:[11] It is an old custom amongst many communities to stand during the reading of Aseres Hadibros.[12] Some Poskim[13], however, rule one is not allowed to stand during Aseres Hadibros.[14] Practically, the Chabad custom is to stand, facing the Sefer Torah.[15] If the entire congregation is standing then one is obligated to stand together with them, even if in general he is accustomed to sit.[16] 

Who is to be called up for the reading of the ten commandments?[17] Some communities are accustomed to call up the Rav of the community for the Aliyah of Aseres Hadibros. [This is not the Chabad custom. Nevertheless, if lack of doing so will be seen as a form of disrespect to the community Rabbi, one is to be meticulous to give him the Aliyah.[18]]

E. How to read the Aseres Hadibros:[19]

The punctuation for the reading of the Aseres Hadibros: In the Ten Commandments, there are two forms of reading melodies. The readings differ in their stop points within the verses and in their vocalization.

First method:[20] In the first method each command is read as a single verse.[21] This applies whether the command is long [i.e. split to many verses] or short [the verse includes many commands]. This means that the verses of Anochi, Lo Yihyeh Lecha, Lo Saseh Lecha, lo Sishtachaveh and Oseh Chesed is all read as one verse.[22] Likewise, the verses of Zachor, Sheshes Yamim, Yom Hashevi’i, and Vehi Sheses are all read as one verse.[23] Likewise, the two words of Lo Tirtzach is one complete verse.[24] Likewise, the two words of Lo Tinaf is one complete verse.[25] The same applies for the words Lo Tignov.[26] [In this method, the words Tirtzach, Tinaf and Tignov are recited with a Taf and not a Saf.]

Second method:[27] In the second method, each verse is read as a single verse [even if they only contain part of the command or contain more than one command].[28] Thus, the verse of Anochi is one verse, and the verse of Lo Yihyeh Lecha is a second verse.[29] Likewise, Zachor is read as one verse, and Sheshes Yamim as a second verse.[30] Likewise, the words Lo Tirtzach, Lo Tinaf, Lo Tignov, and Lo Seaneh is all read as one verse.[31]

Final practice:[32] On Shavuos, the custom is to read for the congregation like the first method, to read each command as a separate verse.[33] Furthermore, there are those who are accustomed to read like the first method for the congregation even on Shabbos Parshas Yisro and on Shabbos Parshas Vaeschanan, and only a private individual who reads the verses to himself reads it in the second method.

2. The 15th of Av:

The Mishneh[34] states: Rebbe Shimon Ben Gamliel said, “There were not days of joy for the Jewish people like the 15th of Av and Yom Kippur.” [This day became a day of Shidduchim, where men would pick for themselves brides.] The potential brides would all go out with white clothing and tell the bachelors to choose for themselves a girl of good character and lineage and to not look at matters of vanity, such as beauty.

A. The occurrences:[35]

The Gemara lists several opinions regarding matters that occurred on the 15th of Av, which is the cause for its great celebratory status. These reasons are not contradictory of each other, and in truth all occurred on this day. Each Sage mentions the matter which he received as a tradition from his teacher.[36]

1. Intermarriage between tribes: Rav Yehuda stated in the name of Shmuel that on this day the Shevatim were allowed to intermarry with each other. [In the first generation that entered Eretz Yisrael, it was prohibited for the member of one tribe to marry the member of another tribe, due to the conflicts this could potentially cause in the inheritance of portions of land in the region of one tribe to another tribe. This prohibition only applied in the first generation and was officially revoked on the 15th of Av.[37]]
2. Saving the tribe of Binyaman: Rav Yosef and Rav Yochanon stated that on this day the tribe of Binyaman was permitted to marry. [During the episode of Pilegesh Begiva, the tribe of Binyaman was nearly annihilated and could not marry, due to all its daughters being killed, and due to the remainder of the Jewish tribes having sworn not to give them any of their daughters as wives. There were 600 men of Binyamon remaining and no women available to be given to them in marriage. While 400 girls were obtained from the town of Yaveish Gilaad, they still needed to obtain 200 more. On the 15th of Av, when the girls went to dance in Shilo, the 200 remaining men of Binyaman came and took for themselves wives. Accordingly, this day became a national event of salvation for the tribe of Binyoman, saving them from annihilation.[38]]
3. End of death for Dor Hamidbar: Raba Bar Bar Chana said it is the day that the generation of the Midbar ceased to die. [Each year on Tisha B’av, throughout the 40 years in the desert, the men would dig for themselves a grave and lie in it throughout Tisha B’av, expecting their ultimate death that day. In the 40th year, everyone got up alive in their grave. They wondered how this happened and that perhaps they made a mistake in the calendar. It was not until the 15th of the month of Av, when they saw the full moon, that they realized there was no mistake, and that the Divine decree had been rescinded.[39]]
4. Allowance for pilgrimage of Kingdom of Israel: Ula says it is the day that Hosheia Ben Ala removed the blockades that were placed by Yeravam Ben Nevat that prevented the Jewish people from visiting the Temple in Jerusalem.
5. Burial of corpses of Beitar: Rav Masna says that on this day the corpses of Beitar were permitted to be buried.
6. Temple wood cutting: Raba and Rav Yosef said that on this day the cutting of wood for the Temple ceased.

The Kabbalistic reason behind its greatness:[40] In the writings of the Arizal[41] it is explained that the greatness of the 15th of Av is that on this day we experience a full moon. The full moon represents a high spiritual level. Now, although in truth every month contains a full moon, the full moon of this month is unique being that it comes after the great descent of Tisha B’av. Hence in comparison to the great descent experienced some days prior, the elevation now experienced is so much greater, that it became a day fit for celebration.

 

B. Adding in Torah learning at night:[42]

From the 15th of Av and onwards the strength of the sun is diminished. This means that there are less daylight hours in the day, and consequently more nighttime hours. The nighttime is an auspicious time for Torah learning. Accordingly, starting from the 15th of Av, one who increases in Torah learning at night, using the newly added night hours for spiritual service, will have days added to his life. One who doesn’t, will have his days shortened.[43] [Learning at night contains special Segulo/powers. The quality of one’s learning is greater, as one can feel more connected to Hashem in one’s learning.[44] One learns majority of his wisdom at night and can merit Keser Torah through learning at night.[45]]

 

C. Tachanun:

Tachanun is omitted on the 15th of Av.[46] It is omitted starting from Mincha of the 14th.[47]

D. Fasting:[48]

It is forbidden to fast on the 15th of Av. Thus, a Chasan and Kallah do not fast on the day of their wedding if it falls on the 15th of Av.  

 

E. Wishing Kesiva Vechasima Tova

We begin to wish each other a “Kesiva Vachasima Tovah”[49] starting from Rosh Chodesh Elul. Some[50] are accustomed to beginning doing so from the 15th of Menachem Av.

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[1] See Nitei Gavriel 97

[2] See Michaber 428:8

[3] Nitei Gavriel 97:1 in name of Sefer Minhag Tov

[4] Sefer Ben Shuab Parshas Vaeschanon; Yosef Ometz 770; Maharil; Ritva Taanis 30b; Nitei Gavriel 97:2

[5] Mamar Mordechai 61:5; Avnei Tzedek 9; Binyan Tziyon 36; Arugas Habosem 17; Ketzos Hashulchan 72 footnote 10; Shaareiy Halacha Uminhag Vol. 5:28; Nitei Gavriel 97:5

[6] Mishmeres Shalom 24:3; Meoreir Yesheinim p. 47; See Kaf Hachaim 61:35

[7] Degul Merivava and  Rav Akiva Eiger, brought in M”B 46:33; Binyan Olam 7; Kaf Hachaim 25:27; Os Chaim Veshalom 25:6; Rebbe in Toras Menachem 28^th Sivan 1952; So is also proven from Admur 34:5 and Siddur Admur that allows saying Shema while wearing Tefillin of Rabbeinu Tam and considers it a Hiddur; See Nitei Gavriel 97:4

[8] Minhag Hageonim to wear Tefillin during Shema of Maariv, brought in Hagahos Maimanis on Rambam Tefillin 4 in name of Baal Haittur, brought in Beis Yosef 25; Custom of Chasam Sofer to not way Shema while wearing Rabbeinu Tam Tefillin, recorded in Likkutei Chaver Ben Chaim, brought in Os Chaim Veshalom ibid; Minhagei Chasam Sofer 1:22 that he would not say Shnayim Mikra of Shema without Tefillin.

The reason: As the Biblical Mitzvah of wearing Tefillin applies throughout the entire day and hence whenever one reads Shema without Tefillin he is testifying falsely. [Os Chaim Veshalom ibid; Rebbe ibid]

[9] Michaber 428:4; Tur 428

[10] Elya Raba 143:6; Derech Hachaim 12; Kaf Hachaim 137:13; Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid

[11] See Kaf Hachaim 146:23; Piskeiy Teshuvos 146:6; Beit Maran [Rav Yitzchak Yosef]; Bayit Neman [Rav Meir Mazuz] No. 14; 51; 65; 100; 113

[12] Ledavid Emes 7:5; Tov Ayin 11; Shaar Efraim 7:37; Kaf Hachaim 146:23; Ketzos Hashulchan 84 footnote 22 that so is custom of world; Igros Moshe 4:22; Shemesh Umagen 57; Mishneh Halachos 11:118

[13] Teshuvas Rambam 46; Maharikash in Ohalei Yaakov 33; Machazik Bracha 146:8 based on Arizal, brought in Kaf Hachaim 146:23; Opinion in Ledavid Emes 7:5 [He originally writes that it is improper for the entire congregation to stand, and then brings from his Sefer Machazik Bracha that even individuals should not stand, and then concludes that in some communities everyone stands, and ends up defending the practice]; Yechaveh Daas 6:8 rules not to stand and that the custom to stand is to be abolished; Toldos Hair Kavna p. 229 that so ruled the Raavad, Rav Leib Shapiro, to abolish the custom; See Beir Moshe 8:60

[14] The reason: As it is forbidden to single out a section of Torah, such as the Aseres Hadibros, due to it leading people to believe that only it is the true part of the Torah. [Poskim ibid; See Admur Basra 1:9, Kama 1:10; Rama 1:5; Brachos 12a; Rashba 1:184] However, others negate this worry by stating that the worry is no longer applicable today and does not apply here as one anyways stands for more than just the ten commandments. [See Ulidavid Emes ibid; Shaareiy Rachamim on Shaar Efraim ibid based on Levush 494 and Machatzis Hashekel 429]

[15] Hayom Yom 24^th Shevat; 1^st day Chag Hashavuos; 13^th Menachem Av; Sefer Haminhagim [English] p. 61; See Shulchan Menachem 1:262 footnote 11 and Chikrei Haminhagim 1:62

[16] Tov Ayin 11; Shaareiy Efraim ibid; Kaf Hachaim 146:23; Ketzos Hashulchan 84 footnote 22; See Kneses Hagedola E.H. 62; Ikarei Hadaat, and other Poskim brought in Kaf Hachaim ibid; Yechaveh Daas ibid concludes that in such a case he is to stand already from the beginning of the reading; Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid [see there that the same applies vice versa, that if the entire congregation is accustomed to sit then one is not to stand, however, see Ledavid Emes and Kaf Hachaim ibid who write that individuals may stand and see Q&A below!];

[17] M”A 428:8

[18] The Magen Avraham ibid writes that the custom in some places is to only call up the Rabbis of the community, or a great scholar for the reading of the Ten Commandments. However, the Alter Rebbe does not make any mention of this here. The Rebbe in 5746 emphasized that this custom is to certainly be practiced in a scenario that there are those which despise and try to undermine the Rabbinical leader, and thus in order to emphasize the Rabbis authenticity he is to be called up for the Aliyah, even if the above is not the usual custom of the community.

[19] Admur 494:8-11; See M”A 494; Masas Binyamin 6; Elya Raba 142:1; Chizkuni Shemos 20:14

Reading the Aseres Hadibros aloud with the Baal Korei: Some communities were accustomed to read the Aseres Hadibros aloud with the Baal Korei and simply have the Baal Korei recite the last verse aloud, alone. [See Terumas Hadeshen 24; Minchas Yitzchak 3:12] Practically, we do not rule like this custom. [Biur Halacha 146:2 “Velikros”]

[20] Admur 494:8

[21] The reason: The reason for this custom is because they follow the way the commands were written in the Torah [I.e. Kesiv], in which each command was written as its own Parsha. From Anochi until Lo Sisa is one Parsha Setuma, and one command, and it is therefore read as a single verse. Likewise, from Zachor until Lo Tirtzach is a single Parsha Setuma. However, Lo Tirtzach until Lo Tachmod is written in four Parshiyos Setumos, as they are four commands, and therefore they are read as four verses. [494:10]

[22] The reason: As Anochi and Lo Yihyeh Lecha were said simultaneously. It is for this reason that the Nun of the word Panaiy is vocalized with a Patach and not a Kamatz, as there is no stop [Asnachta or end of verse] by it. [Admur ibid]

[23] The vocalization: It is for this reason that the Chaf of the word “Chol” which is in proximity to the word “Veasisa” is Refuyah and not Degusha. [Admur ibid]

[24] The vocalization: It is for this reason that the Tzaddik of the word Tirtzach is vocalized with a Kamatz, being that there is a conclusion of verse at this area. Likewise, the Taf is Degusha being that the word Lo is vocalized with a Mafsik, which is a Tafcha. [Admur ibid]

[25] The vocalization: It is for this reason that the Taf of Tinaf is Degusha and the Alef is vocalized with a Kamatz being that there is a conclusion of verse at this area. [Admur ibid]

[26] The vocalization: It is for this reason that the Taf of Tignov is Degusha. [Admur ibid]

[27] Admur 494:9

[28] One reads the verses as they have been allocated to be read from the Torah [i.e. Keri]. Thus, at times a single verse includes many commands, and at times the same command is read in many verses.

[29] The vocalization: According to this method, the Nun of Panaiy is vocalized with a Kamatz, being that it represents the end  the verse. [Admur ibid]

[30] The vocalization: According to this method the Chaf of the word “Kol” is Degusha. [Admur ibid]

[31] The reason: The reason for this custom is because they follow the way the verses are to be read according to Kri, as from Lo Sirtzach until Lo Sachmod there is only one verse. The reason for why this custom does not allow one to stop in middle of the verse and read it in accordance to the commands is because it is forbidden to completely stop in middle of a verse, even when one is reading the verse in private, as all the stop marks in the Torah are a tradition to Moshe from Sinai, and it is forbidden to stop in an area that Moshe did not make a stop in accordance to his tradition from Sinai. Now, since it is forbidden to make a complete stop in middle of these four small Parshiyos [from Lo Sirtzach to Lo Sinaf], therefore, when they are read in one setting they are read in a continuous melody which connects them into one verse, being that they are in truth one verse, as there is no verse in the entire Torah that contains less than three words. Likewise, from Anochi until Lo Sisa and from Zachor until Lo Sirtzach, there are various verses in the reading. Accordingly, a private individual may make a complete stop in the middle of the Parsha of Anochi and Zachor, so long as he does so at the end of a verse. Furthermore, even when reading in public there is no prohibition to stop in these areas due to stopping in middle of a verse, but rather due to those who enter and exit during the reading, as explained in 138:1. Therefore, they are read in a melody that makes a break between them, in order to turn them into many verses, being that in truth they are considered many verses regarding the number of verses they contain. [Admur 494:11; M”A 494; Masas Binyamin 6; Chizkuni Shemos 20:14]

The vocalization: It is for this reason that the Taf of Sirtzach, Sinaf, Signov, Seaneh is Refuyah and the Tzaddik of the word Sirtzach is vocalized with Patach, and the Alef of Sinaf is vocalized with a Kamatz, being that it has an Asnachta. [Admur ibid]

[32] Admur 494:11; M”A 494; Masas Binyamin 6; Elya Raba 142:1; Chizkuni Shemos 20:14

[33] The reason: As on Shavuos the Ten Commandments were given and therefore it is read in accordance to the way they were given, which is each command as a different verse. [Admur ibid]

[34] Taanis 26b

[35] Taanis 30b; Bava Basra 121a-b

[36] Rashi Bava Basra ibid

[37] See Rashi ibid

[38] See Shoftim 20-21

[39] Rashi ibid

[40] Mamar Lo Hoyu Yomim Tovim 5735; Rebbe Rashab Mamar Nachamu 5670

[41] Peri Eitz Chaim Shaar Chag Hashavuos

[42] Taanis 31a; Bava Basra 121a-b

[43] Admur Hilchos Talmud Torah 4:8; Rama 245:23

[44] Likkutei Sichos 34 p. 43

[45] Admur Hilchos Talmud Torah 4:8

[46] Siddur Admur; Michaber 131:6; Taz 421:1; Levush 131:6; Peri Chadash 131; Hayom Yom 14^th Menachem Av

[47] Siddur Admur; Levush ibid; Peri Chadash ibid; Hayom Yom 14^th Menachem Av

[48] M”A 573:1; Elya Raba 573:3; P”M 573 A”A 1; Chayeh Adam 132:43; M”B 573:7

[49] “You shall be written in and sealed for a good year”. This is hinted to in the words “Vayishalu Ish Lireieihu Leshalom” which is also an acronym for Elul [Likkutei Mahrich]

[50] Custom to begin from the 15^th of Av: Shaar Yissacher and Darkei Chaim Veshalom [684; Munkatch] write that one is to begin wishing each other Leshana Tova starting from the 15^th of Av. The Rebbe states that it is a Minhag Yisrael to do so. [Hisvadyos 1991 Vol. 4 p. 179; printed in Shulchan Menachem 3:72] The Gematria of “Chamisha Asar Beav” is the same as “Kesiva Vechasima Tova”. [Darkei Chaim Veshalom ibid; Hisvadyos ibid] This is also hinted to in the acronym for the Mazal of Menachem Av which is “Aryeh” and stands for Elul; R”H; Yom Kippur; Hoshanah Raba, as in the month of Av is hinted to the completion of the Piska Tova of Hoshanah Raba. [Rebbe ibid] This blessing is found in letters of the Rebbe Rayatz and Rebbe written in the month of Menachem Av. [Otzer p. 11-13]